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The job in medium and high voltages lines for the Enel-Codensa Organization has generated discomfort reports in parts of the body, such as the shoulder and back also has been develop increase in absenteeism due to the development of occupational diseases such as lumbago and illnesses in the shoulder. The muscle evaluation of this case study was applied to a group of workers from the Colombian company, Enel-Codensa, which has an interest in improving the working conditions of its workers including exoskeletons in the development of its work. To achieve this, eight muscles were evaluated in which electromyography (EMG) was used in 20 volunteer participants, consisting of 12 electrical technicians and eight volunteers. The aim of the study was to determine whether a decrease in muscular effort occurred when the workers used the exoskeleton, to compare experienced and inexperienced subjects, and ultimately to analyze whether muscular activity varied with the use of an exoskeleton. As a result, muscular effort was lower in all the muscles when using the exoskeleton. However, the activity remained above 10% of muscular effort on average, which can generate muscular fatigue if such activity is maintained during an 8-hour day. The analysis showed that there is no difference when performing the activity with or without an exoskeleton except for the flexor carpi radialis muscle. Alternatively, when comparing the two groups, experts, and novices, it was found that the muscular activity of the experts was greater by 1%. As the study was performed, it was found that among this group, there was not an equality of measurements in six of the eight muscles. In conclusion, the scaffold erection test demonstrated muscular effort in the forearm and arm for both samples. To reduce this muscular effort, it is recommended to provide tools or redesign the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Puma concolor is one of the largest carnivores present in Chile, although its size varies according to the geographical area in which it is found. It is increasingly common to find them outside their habitat and more in our environment. Its ecological, reproductive and nutritional aspects are known, but very little is known about its anatomy, which creates a challenge in the veterinary morphological area that needs strengthening. The present study consisted of an anatomical description of the appendicular skeleton of three adult specimens of Puma concolor (3 males) in the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidad San Sebastián, headquarters of Patagonia Puerto Montt, which allowed a detailed study of the conformation of the skeleton of each structure present in the thoracic appendicular skeleton of these specimens. This allowed us to achieve results of morphological interest and delve into the anatomy of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematics and anatomy studies have revealed that characteristics of the batoids skeleton show significant variability and provide relevant information on the phylogenetic relationships of this group. Within this framework, our objective is describing the neurocranium morphology in eight species of batoids. Large variations were found, mainly in the rostrum, number of fontanelles, orientation of nasal capsules, and the condition and development of the pre- and post-orbital processes. These variations allowed us to group these craniums in three morphotypes. The first, including Narcine bancroftii, has unique characteristics, such as a squared rostrum and branched anterorbital cartilages; there are no pre-or postorbital processes, supraorbital crest or rostral appendix. The second morphotype includes Rostroraja texana and Pseudobatus lentiginosus, which have a well-developed rostrum with a rostral appendix in the anterior region, two fontanelles, jugal arches in the occipital region, and pre- and post-orbital processes poorly developed. The third morphotype includes myliobatoids species, which have small or absent rostrum, rostral appendix separated from the cranium, one fontanelle, and developed pre- and post-orbital processes. Most species have morphological variations throughout their development; therefore, when conducting phylogenetic studies, using characters from adult specimens is fundamental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los Morteros (5726-5041 cal yrs. BP) is an archaeological site located in Pampa de las Salinas, in the lower Chao Valley, on the northern Peruvian coast. This site includes several phases. One of these belongs to the construction of an adobe-brick monumental building dating 5400-5100 yrs. BP. Excavations carried out in 2017, uncovered a context comprised of burnt areas containing marine animal bones, shells, charcoal, articulated human skeletons, and commingled human bones. This context is interpreted as the remains of an offering related to the closing event of the adobe-brick monumental structure. This interpretation is based on the conjunction of osteological, contextual, and radiocarbon analysis. The closing event of the adobe-brick monumental structure, of which this offering is part, contributed to the construction social and ritual significance at Los Morteros, located inside the Archaeological Complex of Pampa de las Salinas in the Chao Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among several subgrade stabilization alternatives, the improvement with oversized material (boulders of approximately 10-inches in size) has traditionally been used. The Boulders form a thick mineral skeleton that supports the structure and favors moisture control. Nowadays, this technique is not included within the design protocols of Colombia. In this research, the mechanical properties of the pavement are quantitatively evaluated through 2Dnumerical-elastic modeling employing the improvement of soft subgrades with boulders. Comparative studies of performance and analysis of the fundamental variables in pavement design are carried out through 2D-numerical modeling. This way, guidelines to sketch a design protocol are suggested to improve mechanical properties in soft subgrades through the inclusion of oversized material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Currently, the specie that is cultivated in Cuba is the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), due to its rapid reproduction and food conversion and is mainly used for export. In its processing, large amounts of waste are generated that can be used for obtaining products of commercial value, thereby reducing the environmental impact of this industry. Objective: To evaluate the deacetylation stage of chitin obtained experimentally from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp exoskeleton by chemical means. Materials and Methods: The chitin was obtained from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp exoskeleton, it was deacetylated with a NaOH solution at 10 mol/L, in a solid-liquid ratio 1: 4 (p / v), at 80 °C, 250 min-1, for two hours. The degrees of acetylation (DA) and deacetylation (DD) were calculated according to Khan et al., (2002). The test of the solubility of chitosan was also carried out according to Barra et al., (2012). The infrared spectra of chitin and chitosan were determined with FTIR equipment with ATR attachment. Results and Discussion: The degree of deacetylation for chitin was similar to that for chitosan, due to the effect of insufficient deproteinization of chitin. This was corroborated by the chitosan solubility test which showed a low quality. The IR spectra of chitin and chitosan were similar. Conclusions: The deproteinization of chitin influenced in the quality, and therefore, in its deacetylation. It must be guaranteed to work at temperatures close to 100 °C to achieve a good quality chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laguna Las Vegas is a high integrity and high resolution site. It is a penecontemporaneous record that was formed around 3050-3210 BP which is remarkable due to the high frequency of guanaco bones (Lama guanicoe) and, to a lesser extent, of cauquén remains (Chloephaga sp.). Additionally, a high frequency of bone pounders and chalcedony scrapers was recorded. We propose that this site was a campsite originated by an attritionally discard behavior within a short time frame, in which whole preys (guanacos) were taken for processing, consumption, and subsequent transport of their axial skeleton. The fact that cauquén remains were found suggests that human occupations took place, at least, during spring and summer. Due to these features, Laguna Las Vegas stands out as a valuable site, one which adds useful information about faunal resource management and mobility of the hunter-gatherer populations of the Coyle River middle basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impaired communication and social interaction skills, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Multiple studies report that there are synaptic dysfunctions in ASD, in which important substrates such as morphology and neuronal function are involved in this pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the data available at the levelof neuronal abnormalities in ASD, and emphasize the morphological aspects of dendrites, dendritic spines, and actin cyto skeleton. Actinrich dendrites and dendritic spines shape the postsynaptic part of the most excitatory synapses. In ASD, the data points to a dysregulation in dendritic growth and development, as well as an alteration in the density of dendritic spines. This is accompanied by alterations in there modeling and composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In orderto better understand the pathophysiology of ASD, further informationis needed on how the elements of synaptic morphofunctional changes impact circuits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work applies an integrating procedure with biomechanical and clinical design criteria in the development of an exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of the upper limb in patients afflicted with hemiplegic injuries. The research work presents the process of selection of force actuators, mechanisms of arm rotation and forearm pronosupination, as well as the mechanical structure. The design is complemented by simple control and safety systems and an interface for exoskeleton control by the physiotherapist. The designed prototype has been manufactured and tested in pilot studies carried out at the Santiago de Cuba Clinical Surgical Hospital Cuba, in hemiplegic patients suffering from painful shoulder syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Gingival fibroblasts (GF) are cells of gingival connective tissue that have taken promising relevance in recent years due to their probable use in cell therapy, given their multipotencial and self-renewal capabilities. Objective. To know and to describe the impact of the absence of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS supplementation on the survival of gingival fibroblasts in cultures. Materials and methods. Gingival fibroblasts were isolated from gingival tissue of healthy patients and cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified of Eagle Medium) culture media in absence and supplemented with 0.2% FBS at 37 ° C in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO2. A morphological evaluation, survival and proliferation of GF were carried out, as well as the identification by the immunofluorescence technique of cellular cytoskeleton markers such as actin and mitochondria. Results. The GF grown in the absence and with supplementation of 0.2% FBS showed a fusiform shape, with oval nuclei and numerous cytoplasmic extensions during the culture time. A slight increase in the proliferation of GF was observed in those cells in contact with the DMEM medium +0.2% FBS compared to the medium where the supplementation was absent. Immunostaining of actin and mitochondria showed that the absence and supplementation to 0.2% of FBS did not affect its location in the evaluated. Conclusion. Gingival fibroblasts survive and proliferate in the absence of FBS, preserving their cellular morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article, developed within the framework of contract archeology, discloses the first in situ finding in the Lípez region of Potosí, Bolivia, of the semi-complete skeleton of an American cougar. It was discovered inside a collca, a pre-Hispanic deposit corresponding to the Late Intermediate Period (ca. 1100 years - 1450 years AD), and was associated with a Lampaya filiation vessel. An archaeozoological and taphonomic analysis revealed that it was an adult female feline of thin constitution and low weight. It was skinned for the extraction of its skin, and its meat was probably consumed as ritual food. The skeleton was placed on the floor of the structure in a left lateral decubitus position and oriented from west to east. It appears to be the final offering as part of a ceremony. According to Andean ethnohistorical, ethnographic and historical data, felines are sacred animals. Based in this worldview, this offering could symbolize fertility (due to its feminine condition), the transition from some important natural or social event that involved signs of hierarchy, power, and strength or could have been related to the moon and other important elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skeleton is made up of 206 constant bones (200 bones and the 6 ossicles of the ear). However, apart from these there are other bones that can be inconstant, which are called accessories and sesamoids. Based on the above, the objective was to identify to the Os peroneum, which is one of the sesamoid bones that could be present in the human foot, relating its presence with sex, age groups and dominance, also recording measurements of each bone found. A descriptive study was carried out, in which radiographs of 200 patients of both sexes were used, Chilean, from the IX region of La Araucanía, 50 male and 150 female, aged between 15 and 90 years. Of the 200 patients studied, 28 (14%) were found with the presence of peroneal bone, 23 of the female sex and 5 of the male sex. In 16 (57.1%) individuals it was determined that the bones were bilateral. The biometric records of the bone under study are shown in tables. The data obtained will complement the morphological and medical knowledge about this bone in the Chilean population, since the pain in the lateral zone of the foot can be caused by a spectrum of etiologies, and with the data obtained, characterize our population, providing another possible cause to lateral standing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sternoclavicular epiphysiolysis is a rare lesion, the posterior variant being even less common. Its clinical presentation may be subtle, or it may compromise mediastinal structures, either initially or during evolution, which is a serious and potentially fatal picture. This case report documents sternoclavicular dissociation in a patient with an immature skeleton, given by a Salter and Harris 1-type injury, which was surgically treated by open reduction and internal fixation with transosseous configuration with non-reabsorbable suture. With a 10-month follow-up and excellent results. This technique seems to be a good option for the treatment of sternoclavicular dislocation in the schematically immature patient, regaining function and avoiding complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates several functions in neurons, endothelial, and epithelial cells, including the cytoskeleton dynamics. Likewise, it has been reported that some cytoskeleton elements, such as actin filaments and microtubules, play an essential role during Dengue virus (DENV) infection. This work aimed to evaluate the role of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection by two methods, chemical inhibition, and gene silencing. The antiviral activity of roscovitine was evaluated using Plaque Forming Units (PFU) assay. The transfection efficiency and knockdown of CDK5, using artificial miRNAs, was carried out by flow cytometry. The effect on the viral envelope protein and cytoskeleton elements was evidenced by advanced fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. Roscovitine showed antiviral activity in pre and post-infection stages in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with roscovitine and miRCDK5 decrease the amount of CDK5 in uninfected cells. In cells infected and transfected with miRCDK5, as well as treated with the inhibitor, a significant reduction of the viral envelope protein was observed; however, no significant reduction of CDK5 was found. Also, evident morphological cellular changes were observed during the treatment with roscovitine in infected cells. The results indicate the potential participation of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection, possibly mediating protein translation or replication of the viral genome through the cytoskeletal dynamics regulation. Additional data are required to clarify the mechanistic of these phenomena using alternative methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- An exoskeleton can be understood as a mechatronic structure with the capacity to be coupled to an external extremity and which allows the development of the movements in the different articulations of the same one. These movements are developed with the support of actuators that define the degrees of freedom of this type of device. Objective- Given their versatility, these structures can become a useful tool in the assistance of rehabilitation work of human upper and lower limbs, and in some cases, such as this work for example, help patients with paralysis in their limbs for the development of activities as complex as human walking. Methodology- Although there are some important advances in this area, it is still in the research phase and many of the developments are not yet available or affordable for massive use in countries such as Colombia and Latin America in general. From this point of view and as a contribution to the development of this area in the country, this work presents the development of an active exoskeleton, which was designed to assist in the rehabilitation of patients who have had some type of sequelae as a result of a Brain Vascular Accident (stroke), also known as Stroke. Results- The article includes information on the modeling, design, control and construction of the exoskeletal device, as well as the development of preliminary tests aimed at showing its use in the development of repetition tests in the sagittal plane. Conclusions- The result of these analyses shows the potential of the system developed for its application in this type of rehabilitation therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pudú (Pudu puda), one of the smallest deer in the world and indigenous to Chile, is considered vulnerable (VU) throughout the national territory, there is little specific information on the organic systems that compose it, and it is becoming more common find them in urban areas. These problems awaken the need to strengthen research and study of this species. Consequently, in the present study an anatomical description of the cranial skeleton of two specimens of Pudú puda was made, where their main bony characteristics were highlighted by comparing them with domestic species already studied (sheep and goats). Thus, it was possible to determine differences between the species studied and the need to deepen the analysis through measurements of the bone pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European anatomists headed by the German School and its Anatomical Society, decided to order the great anatomical house so that they were forced to reconsider the problem and establish a structured, systematic, coherent terminology; That would be worth, both to interpret the known in a unanimous way, and to be able to classify and integrate in the same conceptual structure the discoveries or modifications of the future. A study was carried out on an anonymous survey of 101 specialist doctors and postgraduate residents of the university specialization in orthopedics and traumatology of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zulia. During the period of october 2016 / march 2017. Knowledge of anatomical nomenclatures, identification of anatomical structures, and the latest bibliographic update on terms and structure of the appendicular skeleton were considered. Of the 101 physicians surveyed, 62.3% were postgraduate residents of the university specialization in Traumatology and Orthopedics, 37.6% specialized in Traumatology and Orthopedics. 99.0% were unaware of a TAI listing of the general terms used in the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton, only 1.9% were aware of that list, but did not remember or was inaccurate their name. When asked in the survey to identify anatomical structures of the appendicular skeleton based on the general terms updated by the TAI, the total 100% could not answer correctly. 100% had surgical activity on the appendicular skeleton. 100% answered not knowing the update time. Conclusion. The International Anatomical Terminology (TAI), as an official source of anatomical terms, is of great benefit, since it falls on the unification of terminological criteria in a fluid, effective and universal anatomical language that allows to avoid the errors of interpretation in the deep learning of the skeleton appendicular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the bioarchaeological material from ten sites of the lower basin of the Uruguay River, stored in the Museo Arqueológico Manuel Almeida (Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos). The bioarchaeological analyses focused on estimating the anatomical composition, the MNI and the sex-age structure for each site of the collection. Based on analyzing catalogue data the precedence of some skeletons was defined and mortuary practices were inferred. A minimum number of 80 individuals of both sexes and different ages have been estimated. It was also possible to recognize primary and secondary burial modalities. At the areal level, bioarchaeological research had little development, so this work provides new information that will extend the discussion on the pre-Hispanic occupations of southern Entre Ríos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for passive upper limb rehabilitation based on four case studies by analyzing the pathologies and exercises that are applied. To carry out the experimentation in the proposed cases, the data from the trajectories of the patient's arm articulations were registered, performing the rehabilitation exercises with a therapist. The ERMIS exoskeleton's seven degrees of freedom was designed to emulate the anatomical movements in the arm during rehabilitation from the requirements of the case studies. To validate the exoskeleton performance in the study cases, the ERMIS's dynamic model was simulated and the data were compared with the sampled data of the exercises. At the end, the results obtained from exoskeleton exercises emulating rudder therapy, where shoulder, elbow and wrist movements were showed with an accuracy of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motor disability is a problem at the global level and according to the census 2010 from INEGI, in Mexico, people with mobility problems represent 58.3% of the population with disabilities. To face this problem, robotic devices for rehabilitation have emerged which allow to perform therapies with accuracy, efficiency, reduction of physical efforts and the opportunity to perform them in group. However, these devices may not match the mobility of the members to rehabilitate and their adaptation to the mexican anthropometry is limited. In this article, the design of an exoskeleton focused on the Mexican adult population with partial loss of mobility in the shoulder is presented. The objective is to develop an exoskeleton capable of generating the 3 basic movements of the shoulder (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and internal-external rotation) considering the anthropometric measurements of the target population. For the design of the prototype, an adaptation of the mechatronic design methodology for robots is used. The proposed design is validated kinematically through numerical simulations in Matlab® and ADAMS™, the numerical results prove the range of mobility of each exoskeleton joint. Moreover, a finite element analysis is carried out to quantify the stress and strain levels in the exoskeleton, verifying the selection of materials for its manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main cytoskeletal proteins, such as vimentin, actin and tubulin have rearrangements during insulin-stimulated that induces the plasma membrane distribution and rearrangements after adipose tissue growth. Recently has been described in several mammalian tissues, the septins such as a new component of the cytoskeleton. The aim of this study was characterize the expression and regulation of septin 11 (SEPT11) in human adipose tissue in an obesity and insulin resistance state. Paired samples from 64 patients were used obtained the omental and subcutaneous adipose from these samples. Adipocytes contributed to overall expression of Septin11 in adipose tissue and this protein show a caveolar distribution in fat cells. A direct relationship of SEPT11 with caveolin-1 in fat cells. During adipogénesis change the SEPT11 distribution from filaments to rings. SEPT11 was regulated by lipolytic (isoproterenol), proinflammatory (TNF-α and lipopolysaccharide) and lipogenic (insulin) stimuli in human adipocytes. Accordingly, SEPT11 was associated to the obesity and adipocyte size in visceral fat and to insulin resistance biomarkers in subcutaneous adipose tissue. All of this suggest that, SEPT11 constitutes a novel cytoskeletal protein in human adipocytes strongly influenced by obesity. These results show a new understanding of the cytoskeleton remodeling during the obesity and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the prevalence of metastatic bone pain is estimated in our country in no less than 3 750 patients. Moreover, the role of 32P-phosphate, which effectiveness is comparable to other radiopharmaceuticals, and the possible return to its previous general use, as it is cheaper, is examined. The fact that 32P is considered more radiotoxic doesn’t invalidate it as a treatment option, which is also evidenced by the Cuban experience. The Center of Isotopes (Centis) has established a production line of up to 37 GBq (1 Ci) per week of high quality 90Y. The fact of its being obtained through a radionuclide generator by electrochemical separation from 90Sr makes the import of radioactive raw material practically not required for indefinite time. This implies that the radionuclide could be available in a sustainable way. By having the 90Y greater β- emission energy, it might be more radiotoxic than 32P. Nevertheless, some evidences show that 32P in the form of orthophosphate is more radiotoxic than 90Y citrate. In Europe, a radiopharmaceutical consisting of a lyophilized kit of EDTMP and 90Y Chloride solution was able to relief pain in 191 patients. Centis has registered the 900Y chloride solution for labeling. Then the task is to introduce in the market a radiopharmaceutical with this radioactive precursor and the imported lyophilized kit in order to increase the treatment to an important number of patients that, as a result, could be benefitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Isurus oxyrinchus, also known as Mako Shark of commonly as Shortfin Mako, belongs to the Lamnidae family, of the Condrictis class. The main anatomical feature of this class is a skeleton fully composed of cartilage. Considered to be a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), as a result of its extensive use in food industry and hunting sports due to its high speed. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, being found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. In Chile, a variety of this species has a distribution from the North to the Central-South regions of the country (according to industrial fishing data). Specimens are large in size, reaching 3.5 m and around 570 kg of weigh. The aim of this work was to perform a gross anatomy study of a juvenile Mako Shark, obtained by incidental fishing off the coast of Maule, Chile. The description of the skeleton was carried out in a systematic way by segments: skull, spine and fin. A photographic record of the specimen was obtained. According to the results, there is great similarity with what was described for the prickly shark and white shark, except for some shape variations in the skeleton. These differences could be explained by its ability to swim at high speed. The present description allows expanding knowledge of the anatomy of the Mako Shark, generating more information on this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficit and excess of vitamin A causes birth defects affecting different organ systems. The objectives of this study are to determine the effect caused by the administration of different doses of retinoic acid on bone morphogenesis of the axial skeleton in embryonic mouse Mus musculus. By simple randomization newly pregnant females were distributed into 4 categories: A, B, C and D. On day 8 post fertilization, 40 mg/kg was administered by weight of retinoic acid to the group A, 20 mg/kg body weight of the group B solution 1 ml/kg body weight of dimethyl sulfoxide and group C. Group D is the control group. On day 17 of gestation the females and their fetuses were anesthetized and euthanized with an overdose of intraperitoneal sodium pentothal. Fetuses from each litter were processed using diaphanization and Alcian blue staining to hyaline cartilage and alizarin to observe bone tissue. The results are expressed as percentages of malformations in the following three segments: 1) cranio-cervical spine, 2) thoracic and abdominal segment and 3) pelvic segment, considering 100% when all the bony elements were compromised. Fisher's exact test for comparison of frequencies of malformations was used and considered statistically significant when p<0.05. In group A, major malformations and defects were evident in the indemnity of the cranial vault, exencephaly, defects in the number of vertebrae, and fusion of ribs. In group B minor malformations as numerical alterations and rib fusions were observed. Significant differences were found between both groups. In groups C and D no malformations were recorded. Retinoic acid administered intraperitoneally at doses of 40 and 20 mg/kg acts as a teratogen in mouse embryos. There are significant differences between the defects induced by concentrations of 40 mg/k and 20 mg/k of retinoic acid. Both concentrations affect the bones of the three segments studied (cranio cervical, thoraco-abdominal and pelvic) in a cephalo caudal gradient, independent of the embryonic origin of the structures. Changes in retinoic acid concentration alter the behavior of cranial neural crest and changing the order of the HOX gene expression in the axial skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows how the co-simulation increases the advantages and decreases the drawbacks for exoskeleton design. The proposed methodology has three stages: the design of a biomechanical part, the mechanical design and the control system. For the biomechanical analysis, OpenSim R solves the muscle-skeleton system and includes models for different conditions that can be used in the design process. SolidWorks R that is applied in assistive computer design evaluates the mechanical part of the exoskeleton and Matlab R solves the control system that takes over the exoskeleton. It allows getting a personalized design which simulates the complete walking movements, covering the kinematic restrictions to achieve a natural human movement and the user limitations when they have any problem for to walk. The results show how the co-simulation is applied to complete a virtual prototype and the programs are linked hand in hand. Although conventional simulation by one program can save money and time, it cannot solve the entire exoskeleton design problem; as a result the co-simulation is an excellent option in biomechanical, mechanical and control systems that need accurate and swift results in each part of the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The raid on the homes is a type of high uncertainly for people today denotes a common factor in both business and households, which have a major victi m of the transgression. The project “The need for a safe house using Kinect and free software" is a system that provides solutions to problems related the emergence of home – room, which lowers the cost of traditional system of video surveillance, in addition to the security implementation is not only based on the movements (which could be made by animals) but is specifically identifies and distinguishes between humans and animals. At present there are several surveillance cameras such as DVR cameras, IP cameras and motion sensors. This project provides an effective monitoring through its people recognition feature by a linear skeleton, audible alarm, image capture and real.-time monitoring function of the operating system Linux distribution Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin). At the time that the system recognizes an individual within the scenario set by the user, an audible alarm sounds alerting the owner of the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exoskeletons are electro-mechanical systems coupled to the body limbs focused mainly in increasing strength, speed and performance. The main applications are in the military, industry and medicine, particularly used for the rehabilitation in the extremities. In this paper we presented a exoskeleton with two degrees of freedom for rehabilitation of ankle and knee. The design and construction are based on the instrumentation and control of a right lower limb orthoses. The Exoskeleton uses sensors that estimate the force produced by the human, these sensors are coupled in the SEA (Series Elastic Actuator) used for amplify human strength. The amplification strength can be increased or decreased as needed, allowing the user an evolutionary improvement to reach rehabilitation. The exoskeleton has sensors for estimated angular position and angular velocity of joints, which are used to control the leg movement. The goal is to design a low-cost exoskeleton that provides a reduction in the effort required by the user to remain in in a standing position and to do some static rehabilitation exercises such as flexion and extension of the legs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forestier syndrome, also known as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by an increase in the bone mass in different parts of the body, which results in chronic cervical and back pain. Methods: We report the case of a male 40 year-old patient with a diagnosis of Forestier syndrome in 2006 based on imaging studies. The clinical picture began with lumbar pain of progressive intensity irradiating to the right pelvic limb and associated with morning spine stiffness. Lumbar spine surgery was performed in June 2005 (laminotomy and L4-L5 diskectomy, interbody spaces filled with bone, and a dynamic interspinous spacer in L4-L5), but there was little postoperative improvement. We instituted antiinflammatory medical treatment as described in the literature and the patient did fine. Discussion: This condition is reported as an infrequent entity leading to physicians not considering it within their initial differential diagnoses. It presents with dys-phagia as the main symptom, together with neck or lumbar pain due to ligament hypertrophy and ossification, and increased bone mass leading to the formation of bone bridges. Lumbar or cervical pain is a frequent cause for visiting the neurosurgeon. Conclusions: The purpose of this paper is to present an unusual case of lumbar pain, which increases the diagnostic sensitivity of this disease, and may contribute to avoid unnecessary surgery. This was complemented with literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first components of the dorsal vertebrae, were arches (neural and interneural) and ventral (haemal and interhemal) that relied on the notochord, the next step was the formation of two centers (intercentro and pleurocentro), which served to fix and support the arches. Many fish have dorsal and ventral ribs. In birds cervical ribs are reduced and vertebrae are fused, the first thoracic ribs are floating and the majority present processes allowing muscle fixation and reinforce the chest wall. Mammals have ribs on all thoracic vertebrae, the majority are true. The sternum is a structure of endochondral origin, fish, turtles, snakes and lizards have no sternum. Airborne fowl are provided with a large sternum prominent ventral keel. Development of the axial skeleton: The notochord and ventral neural tube express Sonic hedgehog (SHH) that induces the ventromedial portion of somite to become sclerotome and express the transcription factor Pax-1, which controls the formation of cartilage and bone that constitute the vertebrae. The expression pattern of Hox genes in vertebrates is what determines which type of vertebral structure is to be formed. The appendicular skeleton comprises the pectoral girdle consists of dermal and endochondral skeletal elements, holding the pectoral fin and pelvic girdle, consisting only endochondral elements that sustain pelvic fin. The forelimbs and hindlimbs of tetrapods are built on the same pattern, differing in three regions: autopod, zeugopod and stylopod. Appendicular skeletal development: Is formed from somatic lateral mesoderm and the apical ectodermal ridge. The lateral mesoderm receives somatic myotome and dermatome cells to form the outline member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infantile cortical hyperostosis or Caffey-Silverman syndrome is a disorder of unknown cause that affects the skeleton and some of the contiguous fascias and muscles. It occurs under all circumstances, in cities, rural communities, in all types of climates, seasons, races, social strata, and its incidence is the same among males and females. We report herein a very rare disease, little known in world literature, in order to disseminate within the orthopedic setting the musculoskeletal alterations we found in Caffey-Silverman disease. We report a seven year-old female patient diagnosed with Caffey-Silverman disease, with presence of its different manifestations that include swelling of the right forearm (indurated edema without phlogosis), pain, irritability with a chronicity involving a course of years. She is undergoing primary treatment consisting of observation and symptom relief. We know that it is a disorder with an unknown etiology. We also know there is hypoxia, local necrosis and periosteal reaction; however, the triggers of these changes are still a mystery. There are several hypotheses, but none of them has been proven. Some reports of familial occurrence suggest a possible hereditary factor. The natural self-limitation of this disease has made it difficult to establish the type of heredity; it is likely a trait with an autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance. A hereditary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The osteological development of vertebral column and caudal skeleton in Rhamdia quelen larvae under controlled conditions and artificial feeding is analyzed. Between 1 to 20 day post hatching (dph) four hundred larvae were sampled at regular intervals, and subsequently colored and transparent following the Taylor & Van Dyke technique. In the first days of life, larvae have a straight notochord throughout its length. The beginning of the vertebral column formation was observed at 7 dph with the emergence of neural and haemal spines arches, and between 9 and 10 dph for the first three vertebrae. The ossification of the vertebral column occurred in cranial-caudal direction and was complete at 20 dph. The caudal skeleton begins to develop between 3 and 4 dph, with the formation of the hypurals (H), parahipural (PH) and caudal fin rays. The H 1 to 4 were formed as cartilaginous primordia on the ventral surface of the distal portion of the notochord, and then later the H 5 and PH in distal and proximal extreme of the caudal skeleton, respectively. Central ural complex (CUC) was ossified in two parts, one anterior that is a combination of central preural 1 and ural 1 and other posterior with the ural 2. The first caudal fin rays appear in flexion larvae, while after 13 dph, all specimens had ossified principal rays (eight rays in both upper and lower lobes). The development of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton shows similar patterns to those described in other teleost fish although with some peculiarities that differentiate it from related groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the current status of the use of radiopharmaceuticals in the treatment of pain caused by bone metastases putting emphasis on the doses used, the effectiveness and safety of developing and on-the-market products. The convenience of the routine use in the case of multiple metastasis is established, since the results are adequate and the risks acceptable. The doses and the adverse effects are considered. The importance of the costs is given, as well as the availability of radionuclides. Reference is made to both the practice in developed countries and those with limited resources. The Cuban experience and the perspectives of the use in our country are pointed out [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infantile nystagmus syndrome is characterized by involuntary ocular oscillations, conjugate, horizontal and spasmodic, representing a failure of the oculomotor control system. The early onset damages the proper sensorimotor development of the child. The association with diseases of ocular and central nervous system requires a general diagnosis of injury. Treatment is aimed at improving the foveation time on the retina, reduce oscillations and promote the best eye position. The use ofbotulinum toxin is an alternative treatment that can be used from the first months of life. Surgery is generally indicated to correct the torticollis and the null point nystagmus. There are also drug treatments and refractive corrections to improve vision and nystagmus intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In addition to clinical examination of patients, conventional radiology is the most useful clinical instrument in differential diagnosis of skeletal injuries. Objective: describe a radiological sign which we have named phantom bone sign, and review the different radiological findings encountered in related bone pathology. Material and methods. Describe and state the clinical meaning of the finding and its different varieties, to then relate it to medical practice through observation of representative radiological images. Results. The phantom bone sign consists of bone loss occurring as a result of neoplastic or infectious processes or in- tolerance to external elements implanted in the patient. Conclusion. Conventional radiology remains a very important tool in diagnosing different bone conditions. Understanding the phantom bone sign may help us make better differential diagnoses, always supported by clinical findings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caudal skeleton is recognized as an important source of information for establishment of teleostean interrelationships. A comparative analysis of the caudal skeleton of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and A. mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869) was performed, based on the examination of specimens from biological museums and others materials collected in Veracruz localities and Baja California Sur (Mexico). The specimens were identified using taxonomic keys and processed by means of clearing and staining methods, in order to determine the differences and similarities on the elements that characterized the caudal complex of this species. The caudal formula in A. lineatus and A. mazatlanus is composed by: 1 epural + 5 hypurals + 1 parhypural, one neural and two hemal spines, as well as the presence of 16 principal rays and absence of procurrent rays and the uroneural bone. The hypural in the A. lineatus are closer together; however, in general, differences were not observed among the species. Therefore, A. lineatus and A. mazatlanus are established as sister species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase our knowledge of the morphology of the genus Cetopsorhamdia, a redescription of the type species C. nasus is presented. External morphology, configuration of the skull, complex vertebrae, free vertebrae and associated structures, pectoral and pelvic girdles, dorsal fin, and caudal skeleton are described in detail. A diagnosis for the species, based on comparisons with other valid species in the genus, is proposed. A previous description is discussed, and the position of the genus within the family Heptapteridae and sub-clade Nemuroglanis is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes an alternative view on artificial head shaping practices among the Maya, which we examine through the lens of those European chroniclers who still witnessed it as a living practice during the colonial era. Unwillingly, these sources testify longstanding cultural motivations for the ancient tradition of modifying infants' vaults, which appear intimately tied to prehispanic Maya worldviews and daily ritual practices. The recognition of these motives provides a valuable point of departure for understanding the deeply embedded cultural roles this head practice once played. The last part of the paper compares and discusses the information provided by the colonial sources jointly with the results obtained from a study of seven colonial skeletal series from the Maya área. Our results confirm that Maya head modeling quickly dwindled within the urban spheres, where the European dominión was most immediate, while surviving over the centuries in the rural hinterlands and the forest refuges, like those of the historical Lacandons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butchering evidence found in skeletons of the plains vizcacha (Lagostoraus maximus) from Late Holocene (1000 to 600 B.P.) archaeological sites in the Western Edge of Tandilia Range (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) are described. Skeletal diversity, specimen abundance, and cut marks, especially scraping marks and intentional fractures, indicate that entire plains vizcacha carcasses were introduced to the sites where they were processed through skinning, disarticulation, filleting, and fracturing for marrow. Comparison with earlier vizcacha exploitation in the same area suggests that vizcacha increased in numerical importance and that the butchery process was elaborated only toward the end of the late Holocene. This phenomenon is linked to the development of diversification and intensification of areal economies in the Pampean Region where small game was preponderant in the Tandilia Range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples from spiny lobster exoskeleton Panulirus argus, collected in October 2002 and 2004 from fishery wastes were compared according to their chemical composition and trace elements content. Chemical composition parameters: humidity, ashes, protein, chitin and total lipids contents from samples were determined by gravimetric analysis, while pigment contents was determined by ultraviolet spectrofotometry. Exoskeleton samples were also characterised by X Ray techniques. Elemental analysis was performed by means of a non destructive technique, energy dispersive X Ray fluorescence (EDXRF). It was found that the chemical composition of lobster exoskeleton samples studied were similar to those reported previously for spiny lobster. X Rays Fluorescence technique allowed to achieve, for the first time, a comprehensive characterization of trace elements composition for this marine specie which it was very similar for samples of two years in study. It was interesting the presence of rhodium and hafnium found in year 2004 sample, while neither Pb, Cd, As, Hg nor other molecules considered as contaminant of this material were detected. It was also found that exoskeleton metal trace contents are lower than maximum biosolid levels accepted in international regulations, therefore agricultural use for this material may be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work describes in detail skeletical elements of upper respiratory tracts of 10 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), the description obtains evident differences in its anatomy doesn't relate before, this should to be possible at interest to study syrinx and not full respiratory tracts the objective was to describer morphology and ossification of full upper respiratory tracts of budgerigar, this obtained utilizing clearing technique's with stain double (alizarin red "S" and alcian blue) it allows to observe ossification of respiratory tracts, it obtained like result two principal evident differences: (1) the lingual shows two small paragloss bones associates with its mobility and (2) a important ossification from the lingual to "A" syrinx elements. Respectful at patron tracheal and syrinx skeletical doesn't show evident differences in comparation with other psittacidae. It proposes a study of lingual skeletical to determination of importance for to establish relationship and its taxonomic value and this form meets a door for new studies of comparative morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea urchins are more known of the group of the echinoderms, are animals that possess in their body a great number of plates or limy shields, wich manage to form a real skeleton, on which nones or projections are implanted, to this they owe their name, since echinoderm means thomy skin, the above mentioned thomy bones are provided with poison and toxic fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhomboideus muscle of the domestic mammals is part of the muscular set that joins the scapular waist to the axial skeleton. In these animals, the forenamed muscle has a cervical portion (m. rhomboideus cervicicis), and a thoracic portion (m. rhomboideus thoracis). Unlike in the man, these parts cannot be separated. In addition, carnivores, pigs and rabbits also have a cephalic portion (m. rhomboideus capitis). In the llamas, the cephalic portion is absent, and the cervical part is poorly developed. The authors propose to add a suprascapular portion (m. rhomboideus suparsacapularis), first described by Lesbre, 1903 in camels, to the Rhomboideus muscular complex of the llama. In this study, the authors describe the length, insertions, and inervation of the Rhomboideus Suprascapular muscle of the llama in order to define it as another portion of the Rhomboideus muscular complex. Moreover, the forenamed muscle is proposed as a scapular elevator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reelin pathway regulates interactions between migrating neurons and radial glia. The activation of this pathway is fundamental during the process of normal corticogénesis. The reelin pathway influences the cytoskeleton dynamics as well as the neural mechanisms of learning and memory and it may also play a critical role during neurodegenerative events. The reelin pathway may be disrupted by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and other cellular anomalies caused by endogenous and exogenous factors. When disrupted, cytoskeleton components are inefficiently processed giving place to the protein aggregates that characterize Alzheimer's disease. Such aggregates have been associated with the activation of the apoptotic cascade. Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are not innocuous byproducts of neurodegeneration, since their presence induces neuroinflammation, cell death and cognitive impairment. However, it is possible that the clinical picture of Alzheimer's disease is perpetuated, but not initially caused by these protein aggregates. Elements of the Reelin pathway could represent targets of neuronal vulnerability mediating degenerative changes in the cortical pathways associated to Alzheimer's disease. Characterization of the reelin pathway could improve the understanding of the interactions between the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease and could facilitate the development of novel and effective neuroprotective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La filosofía y las técnicas del manejo de las fracturas en los niños han cambiado a lo largo de las últimas décadas. El esqueleto inmaduro posee unas propiedades únicas, y las lesiones en los niños tienen características, opciones terapéuticas y complicaciones diferentes a las de las lesiones similares de los adultos. Entre las técnicas quirúrgicas básicas usadas para tratar las fracturas infantiles están la reducción cerrada e inmovilización con yeso, la reducción abierta o cerrada con fijación interna, y la fijación externa. El concepto de osteosíntesis con ayuda de placas puente ha evolucionado en base al conocimiento científico de la biología del hueso y a la importancia del aporte vascular óseo. El uso de placas bloqueadas para tratar ciertas fracturas de los adultos está ganando cada vez más adeptos. Sin embargo, aún no se ha descrito el papel de esta técnica en el paciente esqueléticamente inmaduro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cervical sympathetic trunk is a ganglia series joined by interganglionic segments and they are extend along of the lateral faces of vertebral column, from base of the skull until the coccyx. There are a cervical, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic portions. Generally, the sympathetic trunk consists in 21 to 25 ganglia with variable size and received nervous fibers of the thoracic-lumbar portion. We studied 100 sympathetic trunks of formaldehyde-fixed human cadavers of Brazilian individuals, adults, of both sexes. The cervicothoracic ganglion was observed in 70% of the cases and was formed by cervical inferior ganglion fused with the first thoracic sympathetic ganglion in 75.7 % of them; it was spindle shaped in 44.2 % or irregular in the same percentage. The average of length, width and thickness were18.0 mm, 5.3 mm and 3.7 mm, respectively. Its shape and localization is variable but with a detailed knowledge of its topographic and biometric relationships, the surgical approach in the region of cervico-thoracic transition will be more sure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human skeletons associated with different mortuary practices have been studied in submerged sinkholes (cenotes) of the Mexican states of Quintana Roo and Yucatán. One of those practices was human sacrifice. However, not all the cases presented here correspond to sacrificial practices. The maximum number of individuals in a cenote is more than 120. The results show more than one mortuary practice in each cenote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varied methods exist to realize the medicolegal identification in cadaveric remains or skeletons, one of them is the identification for forensic sculpture. For this certain references are needed in the relation between osseous and soft tissue. The objective of this investigation was to determine face tissue thicknesses by means of ultrasonography and to correlate them with age and sex. There was selected a sample of 48 persons, between 21 and 50 years of age of both sexes, which they consulted to the service of imagenología of Talcas Multimedical Clinic distributed in two groups: A group with 12 men and 12 women between 21 and 35 years of age; B group with 12 men and 12 women between 36 and 50 years of age. For this study an ecographe was used, General Electric®, model voluson 730 expert, to which the tissue thicknesses measured up in 15 medium and paramedium craniofacial points, which were correlated by the parameters of sex and age. The results of the measurement of the tissue thicknesses showed significant differences between age groups and between sexes. Significant differences were not observed, between the persons of the same sex of the same age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmortem and neuroimaging studies of Major Depressive Disorder patients have revealed changes in brain structure. In particular the reduction in prefrontal cortex and in hippocampus volume has been described. In addition, a variety of cytoarchitectural abnormalities have been described in limbic regions of major depressive patients. Decrease in neuronal density has been reported in the hippocampus, a structure involved in declarative, spatial and contextual memory. This structure undergoes atrophy in depressive illness along with impairment in cognitive function. Several studies suggest that reduction of hyppocampus volume is due to the decreased cell density and diminished axons and dendrites. These changes suggested a disturbance of normal neuronal polarity, established and maintained by elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In this review we describe evidence supporting that neuronal cytoskeleton is altered in depression. In addition, we present data indicating that the cytoskeleton can be a potential target in depression treatment. Neurons are structural polarized cells with a highly asymmetric shape. The cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintain the structural polarization in neurons which are differentiated in two structural domains: The somato-dendritic domain and the axonal domain. This differentiated asymmetric shape, depends of the cytoskeletal organization which support, transport and sorts various molecules and organelles in different compartments within the cell. Microtubules determine the asymmetrical shape and axonal structure of neurons and form the tracks for intracellular transport, of crucial importance in axonal flux. Actin microfilaments are involved in force generation during organization of neuronal shape in cellular internal and external movements and participate in growth cone formation. This important cytoskeletal organization precede the formation of neurites that eventually will differentiated into axons or dendrites, a process that also comprises a dynamic assembly of the three cytoskeletal components. Intermediate filaments are known in neurons as neurofilaments spatially intercalated with microtubules in the axons and facilitate the radial axonal growth and the transport. Neurofilaments also act supporting other components of the cytoskeleton. All changes and movements of the cytoskeletal organization are coordinated by cytoskeletal associated proteins such as the protein tau and the microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). Also, specific interactions of microfilaments, microtubules and filaments which are regulated by extracellular signals take place in modulation of the cytoskeletal rearrangements. The polarized structure and the highly asymmetric shape of neurons are essentials for neuronal physiology and it appears to be lost in patients with a Major Depressive Disorder. Histopathological studies have shown that the hippocampus and frontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder have diminished soma size, as well as, have decreased dendrites and cellular volume. Dendrite formation depends mainly in microfilaments organization as well as in polarization of the microtubule binding protein MAP2. In addition, there is a decreased synaptic connectivity and an increased oxidative stress, which originates abnormalities in the cytoskeletal structure. These neuronal changes originate alterations in the brain functionality such as decreased cognitive abilities and affective dis-regulations, usually encountered in patients with depression. Therefore, pathologic lesions implicating an altered cytoskeletal organization, may have an important role in decreased cognitive functions, observed in depression, as well as in changes in the brain volume, explained by a lost of neuronal processes such as axons, dendrite processes or dendritic spines, rather than by loss of neuronal or glial cell bodies.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the skeleton age applying the method of Mann, based in the percentage comparison of the obliteration length with respect to palatine suture length in order to obtain the estimated age. Material and method: This study included a sample of 54 skulls that were received in the Criminalistic Laboratory - Department of Forensic Medicine - Forensic Anthropology Area of the National Police of Peru from October 2003 to July 2004. Results: The ages of the 9% were for a range of 20 to 25 years, whose only incisive suture was obliterated. 46% were of ages ranging from 26 to 32 years, who, in addition to the obliteration of the incisive suture obliteration, presented the transverse palatal suture. 11% were in ages ranging from 33 to 39 years, showing obliteration of the transverse palatal suture and posterior median palatine suture. 34% of the ages were observed in a range of 40 to 46 years, showing obliteration of the incisive transverse palatal suture, of the posterior median palatine and anterior median palatine suture. Conclusions: The study had an effectiveness of 94% according to the sequence of palatal suture obliteration, and only 6% did not comply with the sequence of obliteration of one of the palatal sutures; however we must remember that Mann mentioned that the sequence of obliteration follows a pattern of regular conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An incomplete skeleton from Puesto Morales (Neuquén Province, Argentina) is described as a new species of sauropod, Zapalasaurus bonapartei. The unit that yielded the holotype of this dinosaur is the Piedra Parada Member of the La Amarga Formation, whose age is regarded as Barremian-lower Aptian. Several characters are interpreted as autapomorphies of Zapalasaurus bonapartei: cervical vertebrae with a lamina uniting the prezygapophysis and the zygapophyseal portion of the postzygodiapophyseal lamina, cervical vertebrae with the diapophyseal portion of the postzygodiapophyseal lamina reduced, cervical vertebrae with poorly developed spinoprezygapophyseal laminae, mid and posterior caudal vertebrae with anteroposteriorly elongated neural spines, whose anterodorsal corners are higher than their posterodorsal ones, and caudal centrum length doubles over first 20 vertebrae. Zapalasaurus bonapartei is considered as the sister group of the other diplodocoids (excluding Haplocanthosaurus). Diplodocoids were abundant in the Early Cretaceous, becoming extinct by the early Late Cretaceous. The record of Zapalasaurus bonapartei shows that, at least in the Neuquina Basin, basal diplodocoids were more diverse than previously thought. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]