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Dennis Showalter's influence on the scholarship of the First World War is unmatched among American historians. His work is especially important for two reasons. First, it studies the German Army using primary sources and original research, a particularly valuable contribution given the mythic and just plain false associations that many amateur scholars place on the German military. Second, Dennis's career involved long stretches of teaching cadets and military officers. His work thus combined an appreciation of the problems of the past with the challenges of the present day. The second half of this essay renders homage to that tradition by examining patterns in Dennis's writings of the First World War that remain relevant to an understanding of war in our own time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second, it shows that the violence in these German military brothels existed within a broader framework of pervasive and ongoing sexualized violence that accompanied German occupation, which impacted all aspects of the German occupation regime in Rostov-on-Don. After this, soldiers waited in the main floor hall until a woman was available, at which point they would accompany them upstairs to the woman's assigned "cabinet."[24] Voronina reported that there were sometimes brawls involving soldiers in the downstairs hall, but that the commandant quickly calmed the men down.[25] As soon as one soldier left, a woman would immediately proceed to her next client. "In her work at the casino", Voronina explained, "she saw the only hope of escape from physical torture and begged [that I] help her get a job as a 'waitress.'" Knowing how the "waitresses" at the "casino" were treated, Voronina worked hard to calm the girl down and convince her not to work in the brothel.[69] Fear of deportation for forced labor seems to have been the animating motivation for many Rostov residents to volunteer to work in the city. On Christmas Eve 1942, in the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don, a soldiers' brothel opened its doors for business.[2] Set up and run by the occupying German army (the Wehrmacht), this establishment provided military men a place to pay for a brief sexual encounter with a local woman. [Extracted from the article]

During the Second World War, in 1941–1944, Nazi German troops held the frontal responsibility of the Arctic front in Finnish Lapland. In this paper, we present the first zooarchaeological study of the wartime faunal remains from German military camps in Lapland. This illustrates the supply situation of both the German soldiers and their multinational prisoners. The official military supply was substantially supplemented with local food sources, namely, with the local semi‐domesticated reindeer that dominates the bone assemblage. Bones of cattle, ovicaprines, and pig occur in lower numbers and appear to represent the German long‐distance supply chain stretching from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Ocean. The remains of reindeer and wild species remind of the close interactions with locals and of the prisoners' hunting activities to supplement their meager diet. Even if the reindeer bones dominate both the soldiers' and prisoners' faunal assemblages, there are notable differences in the body parts, with bones from meatier portions always found in the soldiers' food waste. Besides highlighting a tension between the military supply and everyday demands, the faunal remains can draw attention to wider anthropological questions that reach beyond the information available in historical documents, such as adaptations into an alien northern environment. This emphasizes the importance of zooarchaeological analyses of recent past faunal materials from superficially familiar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As soon as the German military authority established temporary administration for the occupied Polish area in September 1939, its main administrative centre was located in Łódź. The decision was made in accordance with Hitler's will in order to degrade the status of Warsaw. Łódź was the headquarters of Chief of Administration Hans Frank, who was personally appointed by Hitler and later, after 26 October, became Governor-General. His headquarters still remained in Łódź after the establishment of the General Government (at the end of October and at beginning of November). It was there that he made his firsts decisions concerning the entire area of the General Government. Hans Frank only moved to Krakow on 7 November. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Political claims about the real world are abundant in video games, and the medium persuades uniquely through procedural rhetoric, the rules of behavior contained in computational code. The transnational scope of the video game industry makes it productive ground for interrogating how a game's persuasion might influence international audiences with nationally situated politics. The 2012 third-person shooter Spec Ops: The Line, produced by the German studio Yager Development, depicts the international concern of a fictional conflict in the Middle East and the atrocities of failed military intervention. The game's core procedural rhetoric, which tasks players to push ahead at all costs, cautions an international audience about the futility of deploying military power abroad, a warning that mirrors particularly German political anxieties. The game's depiction of extreme violence—and the player's participation in it—raises further questions about the cultural status of the medium in the country and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Of particular interest to Kamphoefner are German military and political roles in both the Civil War and World War I. His in-depth research and numerous publications have solidified his reputation as the foremost scholar on the subject. Walter Kamphoefner has devoted his professional life to researching the subject and has emerged as one of the preeminent scholars in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Und wenn dem einen oder anderen Leser das von den Autoren gezeichnete Bild jener Zeit u. U. im Einzelfall widersprüchlich erscheinen sollte, vielleicht mal zu "negativ" oder mal "zu positiv" (Stichwort: Normalität), so sei das nicht kritisch angemerkt, sondern hierin würden sich nur die Widersprüchlichkeit der Epoche und die Unterschiedlichkeit der agierenden Personen widerspiegeln. Im Rahmen der Vorstellung der Ergebnisse der Untersuchung werden in einem weiteren Abschnitt die "für die Bewertung richterlichen Handelns maßgeblichen Aspekte" genannt: So betonen die Autoren hier erneut, dass den Richtern dauerhafter I offener i Widerstand nicht möglich gewesen sei, ihnen aber aufgrund ihres erlernten "Handwerks" Spielräume verblieben seien, etwa unter Berufung auf die an sich fortbestehende, wenn auch, wie schon zuvor angemerkt, von den "rechtswissenschaftlichen" Wortführern des Systems infrage gestellten Gesetzesbindung; der ihnen ihre Unabhängigkeit gewährleistenden Weimarer Verfassung hätten sie jedoch weitgehend ablehnend gegenübergestanden. Auf jenem, von Klein veranstalteten "Festakt" wurde folgerichtig, soweit bekannt, von keinem der eingeladenen "hervorragenden Vertreter" der Rechtswissenschaft die Frage der Wiedergutmachung oder gar die Aufhebung der auf den "Finanztod" der Opfer zielenden Rechtsprechung des RFH angesprochen - von einer evtl. noch möglichen Einladung an diese, soweit noch lebend, ganz abgesehen. [...] Wir kennen die Gröse unsers Berufs, wir wissen, dass wir hier, auf der Welt, neben Euer Hochfürstlichen Durchleucht auch Höchstdero Land und Kaiser und Reich für die Verwaltung der Justiz Rechenschaft geben müssen und dass nach dem Tod ein Richter auf uns wartet, der unparteyisch richten, und (eine) Entschuldigung [...]nicht annehmen wird. [Extracted from the article]

On 27 June 1941 Hungary entered the war against the Soviet Union, fielding a 90,000-man strong force (consisting of the 'Carpathian Group' and the 'Rapid Corps') that was attached to Army Group South. This study examines two issues related to the participation of Hungarian troops in 1941. First it establishes how the subordination to Germany determined the use of Hungarian formations. A close Hungarian-German military cooperation developed prior to Operation Barbarossa, especially during the campaign against Yugoslavia in April 1941. The Rapid Corps and the Carpathian Group were placed under German subordination in July-August 1941. It led to friction as Hungary, which in the interwar period had prepared for a war against small and medium-sized neighbouring powers, was pressured to conduct operations against the much more advanced Red Army. Satisfying German demands provoked constant controversy about the extent of the Hungarian involvement in the operations on the Eastern Front, also within the Hungarian military elite. Due to these differences of opinion, the pro-German general Henrik Werth was relieved as the Chief of the General Staff in September 1941, and Lieutenant General Ferenc Szombathelyi was appointed in his place. The study then examines the first months of the Hungarian occupation of Soviet territories. In the summer of 1941, a unique opportunity presented itself to establish an independent Hungarian occupation administration. The Hungarian government tried to use this opportunity to implement its anti-Semitic plans and to enforce its economic interests. However, the Carpathian Group, which from August 1941 was incorporated into the German military command structure, increasingly became the executor of German occupation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yet the fact that the defeat of Nazi Germany could only be achieved at the expense of millions of anonymous workers from east of the Urals has been all but ignored not only by Western audiences but even in the official Soviet (and later Russian) narrative of the war. Operation I Barbarossa i , Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, is without a doubt one of the most momentous events of the 20th century. They considered the war they fought a continuation of the 1939/40 Winter War, rather than a new war that was fully in line with Germany's aims. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: A wide variety of different types of wearable sensors are being developed around the world and introduced into the armed forces for military purposes. Competing states must rapidly develop ready-to-use systems that are robust, functional, valid, and practical. There appears to be potential for optimizing the successful and effective introduction of wearable sensors into the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for military medical applications. The purpose of this study was to identify specific options for improving and optimizing the introduction of modern technologies such as wearable sensors into the structures of the German armed forces.Materials and Methods: Nine stakeholders were identified who could provide a qualified statement on the introduction of wearable sensors, of which six agreed to participate in an expert interview. The six qualitative expert interviews, which were conducted for a master's thesis at the Bundeswehr University in Hamburg, were selected on the basis of their thematic involvement and readiness for an interview and provided the basis for exploring processes that can possibly optimize the introduction of wearable sensors into modern armed forces such as the Bundeswehr. These interviews were carried out and analyzed using the Lamnek's method.Results: Six expert interviews were analyzed and the most relevant statements were summarized and presented. Thirteen options for optimization were identified and included, for example, interdisciplinary networking, optimization of information flow, and strategic weighting.Conclusions: Several potential options have been identified that can optimize the introduction of wearable sensors into the German armed forces to a greater or lesser extent. Bundeswehr experts agree that above all structurally relevant improvements such as "development of data analysis standards," "legal requirements," "interdisciplinarity," "acceleration of development," and "centralization and structured cooperation" should play an important role in the implementation of wearable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bastiaan Willems' impressive new study examines the Wehrmacht's contribution to the suffering of civilians in Germany itself during the war's final months. Yet Wehrmacht forces in East Prussia in 1945, from senior command levels down to the rank and file, were dismissive of civilian needs and subordinated them to the dictates of "military necessity". Willems begins by examining East Prussia's broader experience under the Third Reich, emphasizing, among other things, the region's long tradition of animosity towards "the East". [Extracted from the article]

Studies identified service members of the United States (US) Armed Forces as a high-risk group for suicide. A significant increase in the suicide rate in the US Armed Forces was found in recent years. To date, there is no military suicide statistic available for the German Armed Forces. This study examined attempted and completed suicides in active service members of the German Armed Forces between 2010 and 2016 retrospectively, on the basis of archived personal and medical records in the central archives of the Medical Service of German Armed Forces. The primary goal was to establish a suicide-statistic for the German Armed Forces and to calculate and compare the suicides rates with the German population. Secondary every case's data was analysed the groups of attempted and completed suicides were compared. 262 attempted suicides and 148 completed suicides were included in this study (N = 410). The suicide rates of the German Armed Forces peaked over the years 2014–2015 with a suicide rate of 15–16/100.000 active military service members and exceeded the civilian suicide rate in Germany of around 12/100.000 people during those years, although no general trend could be determined. These service members were mostly young men (attempted suicide 81.7%, completed suicide 99.3%), at the age of 17 - <35 years old (87% attempted suicide, 68,3% completed suicide), and were employed less than 6 years in the German Armed Forces (attempted suicide 72.9%, completed suicide 46.3%). Service members with attempted suicides belonged mostly to the military North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-rank-group for other ranks (lowermost military professionals) OR-1 –OR-4 (48.1%) or to the rank-group OR-6 –OR-9 in the group of completed suicides (34.5%). Only in about one third of cases a psychiatric diagnosis could be found in the records. Most frequent diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision^ICD-10: F4) in 46.8%, and affective disorders (ICD-10: F3) in 43.3% of all cases. In the majority of cases there were signs for potential stressors in the private sector (attempted suicide 90.6%, completed suicide 82.6%). No typical risk factors which would enable a specific prevention could be identified in this analysis. Therefore, should preventive strategies be aiming at a multi-level intervention program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As early as 1931, Gustave Bertrand of the French intelligence services received from the traitor Hans Thilo Schmidt documents concerning the Enigma cipher machine. This machine was intended to equip all the German military forces. This is the beginning of an epic that has probably changed the History. The main documents collected by Bertrand have not been destroyed and are available in the archives of the French Army (SHD). This article describes and analyzes each of these documents, including the evolution of the Enigma and its procedures related in these documents. In conclusion, the article lists the findings that come from reading these originals and first and foremost the impact of having a cipher message with its plaintext on the British attempt to recover Enigma rotors wiring. Oddly enough, it seems that this message was not used by the Poles to break the Enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public security is caused by various factors: from crime prevention to global security needs. Public security includes public relations regarding liquidation of dangerous consequences for human health and lives caused by criminal offences and natural disasters and elimination of reasons causing such consequences. According to A. Maslow, security is a primal need arising after struggle for survival; thus, other needs can be satisfied only after meeting the security need. The First and the Second World Wars as well as dislocation places of Russian military forces are the main reasons of Lithuanian territories contamination with explosives. Military conflicts and armed struggle are key factors in discussion regarding contaminated territories all over the world. Lithuanian territories contamination with explosives has been still a relevant problem because news is coming in of human encountering explosives remaining from war that was 70 year ago. These findings are threatening public security, health and life. Danger to security occurs due to the fact that explosives can be hit while digging ground and sometimes people do not recognize explosives or think that they are not dangerous. These thoughts can be denied by the numbers of dead or injured people, who treated war findings without precaution. Therefore, the aim of this article -- to discuss influence of contaminated territories with explosives on public security. In order to do this, the following objectives are identified: to discuss the concept of explosives and the risk to public; to describe the relevance of the problem in other countries in the world; to estimate the relevance of the problem of contamination with explosives in Kaunas city and Kaunas district. In order to discuss the danger of remaining explosives from war to public, concepts of explosive and explosions are described as well as danger of unexploded ordnances and their occurrences in Kaunas city and Kaunas district. These territories were chosen due to the fact that battles of the First and the Second World Wars took place more or less in these territories; in addition, separate German military troops and Russian military forces were dislocated there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anlässlich der Frage, ob Soldaten der Luftwaffe einem Zivilsportverein angehören dürften, hielt der Autor, ein Feldwebel namens Becker, zunächst im Einklang mit entsprechenden Rechtsbestimmungen ein flammendes Plädoyer, dass alle Soldaten der Luftwaffe unbedingt ihre Zivilsportvereine verlassen und sich den Luftwaffensportvereinen anschließen müssten. Die Integration der Wehrmacht in die nationalsozialistische Volksgemeinschaft als Volksheer fand nach Jürgen Förster ihren Höhepunkt im Sommer 1940: "Es war der überraschend schnelle Sieg über Frankreich, der eine bis dahin nicht gekannte Übereinstimmung zwischen Regime, Bevölkerung und Wehrmacht schuf." Statt "leibliche und charakterliche Erziehung der Mitglieder im Geiste des Nationalsozialismus I " i , wie es im NSRL-Vordruck heißt, ist in der Großenhainer Satzung "körperliche und charakterliche Erziehung der Mitglieder und die Vertiefung der Kameradschaft" zu lesen. 64 Als bekanntester Vertreter erreichte der LSV Hamburg in der Saison 1942/43 das Finale des Tschammerpokals und in der Saison 1943/44 das Endspiel um die Deutsche Meisterschaft, verlor aber beide Partien, vgl. I Werner Skrentny i , Luftwaffen-SV Groß-Hamburg. [Extracted from the article]

The Prussian tradition in Ottoman military modernization began with Captain Helmuth von Moltke. Approximately a century after the activities of the delegation headed by Helmuth von Moltke in the Ottoman army, advisors from Germany were re-assigned by the Republic of Turkey at various levels of the army. Compared to previous military delegations, German consultants, whose duties were limited to lecturing at military academies on paper, resigned from their official duties in Germany. They have signed special agreements with the Turkish Armed Forces that do not bind their own countries and military institutions, and have served in Turkey for a wage higher than the salary they earned in their country. Between 1925 and 1939, apart from the military attachés in the German embassies in Turkey, 36 German served in Turkish Military and Naval War Schools. Among these, Hilmar von Mittelberger is the most prominent name with his works that he left behind in a short period of 7 years, with his last position in Germany with the rank of lieutenant general. The German general, who returned to his country with the beginning of the Second World War, attended the talks about Turkey at the headquarters of his country's general staff, where he informed the generals of the German army about Turkey's defense power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]