192 results on '"Vasanthapuram, Ravi"'
Search Results
2. Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India
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Tina Damodar, Bhagteshwar Singh, Namratha Prabhu, Srilatha Marate, Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, A.V. Lalitha, Fulton Sebastian Dsouza, Sushma Veeranna Sajjan, Mallesh Kariyappa, Uddhava V. Kinhal, P.V. Prathyusha, Anita Desai, Kandavel Thennarasu, Tom Solomon, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and Ravi Yadav
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scrub typhus ,acute febrile encephalopathy ,central nervous system infections ,encephalitis ,Orientia tsutsugamushi ,vector-borne infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Scrub typhus is an established cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in northern states of India. We systematically investigated 376 children with AES in southern India, using a stepwise diagnostic strategy for the causative agent of scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, including IgM and PCR testing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to grade its association with AES. We diagnosed scrub typhus in 87 (23%) children; of those, association with AES was confirmed in 16 (18%) cases, probable in 55 (63%), and possible in 16 (18%). IgM detection in CSF had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 82% compared with PCR. Our findings suggest scrub typhus as an emerging common treatable cause of AES in children in southern India and highlight the importance of routine testing for scrub typhus in diagnostic algorithms. Our results also suggest the potential promise of IgM screening of CSF for diagnosis of AES resulting from scrub typhus.
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- 2023
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3. A two-step process for in silico screening to assess the performance of qRTPCR kits against variant strains of SARS-CoV-2
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Swati Gupta, Amit Kumar, Nivedita Gupta, Deepak R. Bharti, Neeraj Aggarwal, and Vasanthapuram Ravi
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Delta ,Omicron ,SARS-CoV-2 variant ,In silico analysis ,qRT-PCR kits ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Since inception of the COVID-19 pandemic, early detection and isolation of positive cases is one of the key strategies to restrict disease transmission. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) has been the mainstay of diagnosis. Most of the qRTPCR kits were designed against the target genes of original strain of SARS-CoV-2. However, with the emergence of variant strains of SARS-CoV-2, sensitivity of the qRTPCR assays has reportedly reduced. In view of this, it is critical to continuously monitor the performance of the qRTPCR kits in the backdrop of variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Real world monitoring of assay performance is challenging. Therefore, we developed a two-step in-silico screening process for evaluating the performance of various qRTPCR kits used in India. Results We analysed 73 qRT-PCR kits marketed in India, against the two SARS-CoV-2 VoCs. Sequences of both Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) VoCs submitted to GISAID within a specific timeframe were downloaded, clustered to identify unique sequences and aligned with primer and probe sequences. Results were analysed following a two-step screening process. Out of 73 kits analysed, seven were unsatisfactory for detection of both Delta and Omicron VoCs, 10 were unsatisfactory for Delta VoC whereas 2 were unsatisfactory for only Omicron VoC. Conclusion Overall, we have developed a useful screening process for evaluating the performance of qRTPCR assays against Delta and Omicron VoCs of SARS-CoV-2 which can be used for detecting SARS-CoV-2 VoCs that may emerge in future and can also be redeployed for other evolving pathogens of public health importance.
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- 2022
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4. Corrigendum to “Second round statewide sentinel-based population survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India, during January-February 2021” [IJID Regions Vol 1(2021) pages 107–116]
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Rajagopal Padma, M., primary, Dinesh, Prameela, additional, Sundaresan, Rajesh, additional, Athreya, Siva, additional, Shiju, Shilpa, additional, Maroor, Parimala S., additional, Lalitha Hande, R., additional, Akhtar, Jawaid, additional, Chandra, Trilok, additional, Ravi, Deepa, additional, Lobo, Eunice, additional, Ana, Yamuna, additional, Shriyan, Prafulla, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, Rangaiah, Ambica, additional, Munivenkatappa, Ashok, additional, Krishna, S., additional, Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara, additional, Sreedhara, H.G., additional, Siddesh, K.C., additional, Kumari, B. Amrutha, additional, Umar, Nawaz, additional, Mythri, B.A., additional, Mythri, K.M., additional, Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa, additional, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional, and Rathnaiah Babu, Giridhara, additional
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- 2024
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5. Second round statewide sentinel-based population survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India, during January-February 2021
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Padma, M Rajagopal, Dinesh, Prameela, Sundaresan, Rajesh, Athreya, Siva, Shiju, Shilpa, Maroor, Parimala S, Hande, R Lalitha, Akhtar, Jawaid, Chandra, Trilok, Ravi, Deepa, Lobo, Eunice, Ana, Yamuna, Shriyan, Prafulla, Desai, Anita, Rangaiah, Ambica, Munivenkatappa, Ashok, Krishna, S, Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara, Sreedhara, HG, Siddesh, KC, Amrutha Kumari, B, Umar, Nawaz, Mythri, BA, Mythri, KM, Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, and Babu, Giridhara R
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- 2021
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6. The burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population: Results from a statewide sentinel-based population survey in Karnataka, India
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Babu, Giridhara R., Sundaresan, Rajesh, Athreya, Siva, Akhtar, Jawaid, Pandey, Pankaj Kumar, Maroor, Parimala S., Padma, M. Rajagopal, Lalitha, R., Shariff, Mohammed, Krishnappa, Lalitha, Manjunath, C.N., Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa, Gururaj, Gopalkrishna, Ranganath, Timmanahalli Sobagaiah, Vasanth, Kumar D.E., Banandur, Pradeep, Ravi, Deepa, Shiju, Shilpa, Lobo, Eunice, Satapathy, Asish, Alahari, Lokesh, Dinesh, Prameela, Thakar, Vinitha, Desai, Anita, Rangaiah, Ambica, Munivenkatappa, Ashok, S, Krishna, Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara, Sreedhara, H.G., KC, Siddesh, B, Amrutha Kumari, Umar, Nawaz, BA, Mythri, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi
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- 2021
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7. Contact tracing of COVID-19 in Karnataka, India: Superspreading and determinants of infectiousness and symptomatic infection.
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Mohak Gupta, Giridara G Parameswaran, Manraj S Sra, Rishika Mohanta, Devarsh Patel, Amulya Gupta, Bhavik Bansal, Vardhmaan Jain, Archisman Mazumder, Mehak Arora, Nishant Aggarwal, Tarun Bhatnagar, Jawaid Akhtar, Pankaj Pandey, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and Giridhara R Babu
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundIndia has experienced the second largest outbreak of COVID-19 globally, yet there is a paucity of studies analysing contact tracing data in the region which can optimise public health interventions (PHI's).MethodsWe analysed contact tracing data from Karnataka, India between 9 March and 21 July 2020. We estimated metrics of transmission including the reproduction number (R), overdispersion (k), secondary attack rate (SAR), and serial interval. R and k were jointly estimated using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. We studied determinants of risk of further transmission and risk of being symptomatic using Poisson regression models.FindingsUp to 21 July 2020, we found 111 index cases that crossed the super-spreading threshold of ≥8 secondary cases. Among 956 confirmed traced cases, 8.7% of index cases had 14.4% of contacts but caused 80% of all secondary cases. Among 16715 contacts, overall SAR was 3.6% [95% CI, 3.4-3.9] and symptomatic cases were more infectious than asymptomatic cases (SAR 7.7% vs 2.0%; aRR 3.63 [3.04-4.34]). As compared to infectors aged 19-44 years, children were less infectious (aRR 0.21 [0.07-0.66] for 0-5 years and 0.47 [0.32-0.68] for 6-18 years). Infectors who were confirmed ≥4 days after symptom onset were associated with higher infectiousness (aRR 3.01 [2.11-4.31]). As compared to asymptomatic cases, symptomatic cases were 8.16 [3.29-20.24] times more likely to cause symptomatic infection in their secondary cases. Serial interval had a mean of 5.4 [4.4-6.4] days, and case fatality rate was 2.5% [2.4-2.7] which increased with age.ConclusionWe found significant heterogeneity in the individual-level transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 which could not be explained by the degree of heterogeneity in the underlying number of contacts. To strengthen contact tracing in over-dispersed outbreaks, testing and tracing delays should be minimised and retrospective contact tracing should be implemented. Targeted measures to reduce potential superspreading events should be implemented. Interventions aimed at children might have a relatively small impact on reducing transmission owing to their low symptomaticity and infectivity. We propose that symptomatic cases could cause a snowballing effect on clinical severity and infectiousness across transmission generations; further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
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- 2022
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8. External quality assessment of COVID-19 real time reverse transcription PCR laboratories in India
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Harmanmeet Kaur, Labanya Mukhopadhyay, Nivedita Gupta, Neeraj Aggarwal, Lucky Sangal, Varsha Potdar, Francis Yesuraj Inbanathan, Jitendra Narayan, Swati Gupta, Salaj Rana, Neetu Vijay, Harpreet Singh, Jasmine Kaur, Vinit Kumar, Nirmal Kaundal, Priya Abraham, and Vasanthapuram Ravi
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Sudden emergence and rapid spread of COVID-19 created an inevitable need for expansion of the COVID-19 laboratory testing network across the world. The strategy to test-track-treat was advocated for quick detection and containment of the disease. Being the second most populous country in the world, India was challenged to make COVID-19 testing available and accessible in all parts of the country. The molecular laboratory testing network was augmented expeditiously, and number of laboratories was increased from one in January 2020 to 2951 till mid-September, 2021. This rapid expansion warranted the need to have inbuilt systems of quality control/ quality assurance. In addition to the ongoing inter-laboratory quality control (ILQC), India implemented an External Quality Assurance Program (EQAP) with assistance from World Health Organization (WHO) and Royal College of Pathologists, Australasia. Out of the 953 open system rRTPCR laboratories in both public and private sector who participated in the first round of EQAP, 891(93.4%) laboratories obtained a passing score of > = 80%. The satisfactory performance of Indian COVID-19 testing laboratories has boosted the confidence of the public and policy makers in the quality of testing. ILQC and EQAP need to continue to ensure adherence of the testing laboratories to the desired quality standards.
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- 2022
9. Dengue virus is an under-recognised causative agent of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES): Results from a four year AES surveillance study of Japanese encephalitis in selected states of India
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Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Shahul Hameed, Shafeeq Keeran, Desai, Anita, Mani, Reeta Subramaniam, Reddy, Vijayalakshmi, Velayudhan, Anoop, Yadav, Ravi, Jain, Amita, Saikia, Lahari, Borthakur, A.K., Mohan, Daiji Gogoi, Bandyopadhyay, Bhaswati, Bhattacharya, Nemai, Dhariwal, Akshay Chandra, Sen, Prabir Kumar, Venkatesh, Srinivas, Prasad, Jagdish, Laserson, Kayla, and Srikantiah, Padmini
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- 2019
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10. Descriptive epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Karnataka state, South India: Transmission dynamics of symptomatic vs. asymptomatic infections
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Narendra Kumar, Shafeeq K. Shahul Hameed, Giridhara R. Babu, Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy, Prameela Dinesh, Prakash Kumar BG, Daisy A. John, Anita Desai, and Vasanthapuram Ravi
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SARS-CoV-2 virus ,COVID-19 ,Epidemiology ,Karnataka ,Symptomatic vs asymptomatic ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Background: The huge surge in COVID-19 cases in Karnataka state, India, during early phase of the pandemic especially following return of residents from other states and countries required investigation with respect to transmission dynamics, clinical status, demographics, comorbidities and mortality. Knowledge on the role of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was not available. Methods: The study included all the cases reported from March 8 - May 31, 2020. Individuals with a history of international or domestic travel from high burden states, Influenza-like Illness or Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and high-risk contacts of COVID-19 cases were included. Detailed analysis based on contact tracing data available from the line-list of state surveillance unit was performed using cluster network analysis software. Findings: Amongst the 3404 COVID-19 positive cases, 3096 (91%) were asymptomatic while 308 (9%) were symptomatic. Majority of asymptomatic cases were in the age range of 16 and 45 years while symptomatic cases were between 31 and 65 years. Mortality rate was especially higher among middle-aged and elderly cases with co-morbidities, 34/38 (89·4%). Cluster network analysis of 822 cases indicated that the secondary attack rate, size of the cluster and superspreading events were higher when the source case was symptomatic as compared to an asymptomatic. Interpretation: Our findings indicate that both asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases transmit the infection, although symptomatic cases were the main driving force within the state during the beginning of the pandemic. Considering the large proportion of asymptomatic cases, their ability to spread infection cannot be overlooked. Notwithstanding the limitations and bias in identifying asymptomatic cases, the findings have major implications for testing policies. Active search, early testing and treatment of symptomatic elderly patients with comorbidities should be prioritized for containing the spread of COVID-19 and reducing mortality. Funding: Intermediate Fellowship, Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance to Giridhara R Babu, Grant number: IA/CPHI/14/1/501499.
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- 2021
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11. An ultrastructural and genomic study on the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.210 circulating during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India
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Narendra Kumar, Rashmi Santhoshkumar, Pramada Prasad, Anson K. George, Jayashree Aiyar, Saurabh Joshi, Gayathri Narayanappa, Anita S. Desai, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
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Microbiology (medical) ,Infectious Diseases ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous) ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy ,Microbiology - Published
- 2023
12. Risk Factors for Acquiring Scrub Typhus among Children in Deoria and Gorakhpur Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2017
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Thangaraj, Jeromie Wesley Vivian, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Machado, Leonard, Arunkumar, Govindakarnavar, Sodha, Samir V., Zaman, Kamran, Bhatnagar, Tarun, Hameed, Shafeeq K. Shahul, Kumar, Arun, Abdulmajeed, Jazeel, Velayudhan, Anoop, Deoshatwar, Avinash, Desai, Anita S., Kumar, K. Hemanth, Gupta, Nivedita, Laserson, Kayla, and Murhekar, Manoj
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Uttar Pradesh, India -- Health aspects ,Children -- Health aspects ,Risk assessment -- Analysis ,Scrub typhus -- Risk factors -- Research ,Health - Abstract
Outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case-fatality rates have been reported from Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, for >2 decades. These outbreaks occur during monsoon and postmonsoon seasons [...]
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- 2018
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13. Single cell immune profiling of dengue virus patients reveals intact immune responses to Zika virus with enrichment of innate immune signatures.
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Yujiao Zhao, Matthew Amodio, Brent Vander Wyk, Bram Gerritsen, Mahesh M Kumar, David van Dijk, Kevin Moon, Xiaomei Wang, Anna Malawista, Monique M Richards, Megan E Cahill, Anita Desai, Jayasree Sivadasan, Manjunatha M Venkataswamy, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Erol Fikrig, Priti Kumar, Steven H Kleinstein, Smita Krishnaswamy, and Ruth R Montgomery
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains many mosquito-borne human pathogens of global epidemiological importance such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus, which has recently emerged at epidemic levels. Infections with these viruses result in divergent clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. Myriad factors influence infection severity including exposure, immune status and pathogen/host genetics. Furthermore, pre-existing infection may skew immune pathways or divert immune resources. We profiled immune cells from dengue virus-infected individuals by multiparameter mass cytometry (CyTOF) to define functional status. Elevations in IFNβ were noted in acute patients across the majority of cell types and were statistically elevated in 31 of 36 cell subsets. We quantified response to in vitro (re)infection with dengue or Zika viruses and detected a striking pattern of upregulation of responses to Zika infection by innate cell types which was not noted in response to dengue virus. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a neural network-based clustering approach which identified unusual cell subsets overlooked by conventional manual gating. Of public health importance, patient cells showed significant enrichment of innate cell responses to Zika virus indicating an intact and robust anti-Zika response despite the concurrent dengue infection.
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- 2020
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14. Prohibitin 1/2 mediates Dengue-3 entry into human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and microglia (CHME-3) cells
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Sharma, Amita, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, M Venkataswamy, Manjunatha, and Desai, Anita
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- 2020
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15. Profile of acute encephalitis syndrome patients from South India.
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Suma, Rache, Netravathi, M, Gururaj, Gopalkrishna, Thomas, Priya, Singh, Bhagteshwar, Solomon, Tom, Desai, Anita, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, and Banandur, Pradeep
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VIRAL encephalitis ,OUTPATIENT services in hospitals ,ENCEPHALITIS ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,JAPANESE B encephalitis ,BRAIN tomography - Abstract
Introduction: Encephalitis is a major public health problem worldwide that causes huge emotional and economic loss to humanity. Encephalitis, being a serious illness, affects people of all ages. The aim is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, etiological, and neuroimaging profile among 101 acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) patients visiting a tertiary neuro-specialty care hospital in India. Methods: Record review of medical records of all patients attending neurology emergency and outpatient services at NIMHANS Hospital, diagnosed with AES in 2019, was conducted. Data were collected using standardized data collection forms for all cases in the study. Descriptive analyses (mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables) were conducted. The Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of independent groups for categorical variables, and t-test for comparing means for continuous variables. Results: About 42.6% of AES patients had viral etiology, while in 57.4%, etiology was not ascertained. Common presenting symptoms were fever (96%), altered sensorium (64.4%), seizures (70.3%), headache (42.6%), and vomiting (27.7%). Herpes simplex was the most common (21.8%) identified viral encephalitis, followed by chikungunya (5%), arboviruses (chikungunya and dengue) (4%), Japanese encephalitis (4%), rabies (3%), dengue (1%), and varicella virus (1%). About 40% of AES patients showed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (44%), increased protein (39.6%), abnormal computed tomography brain (44.6%), and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (41.6%). Conclusion: The study highlights the need to ascertain etiology and importance of evidence-based management of AES patients. A better understanding of opportunities and limitations in the management and implementation of standard laboratory and diagnostic algorithms can favor better diagnosis and management of AES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and case fatality
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Alam, Ali M., primary, Gillespie, Conor S., additional, Goodall, Jack, additional, Damodar, Tina, additional, Turtle, Lance, additional, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional, Solomon, Tom, additional, and Michael, Benedict D., additional
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- 2022
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17. Viral antigen detection in blood (Serum) has no role in laboratory diagnosis of rabies
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Mani, Reeta and Vasanthapuram, Ravi
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Health - Abstract
Byline: Reeta. Mani, Ravi. Vasanthapuram Sir, We wish to bring to your attention several concerns we have regarding a case report published recently in your journal (Bokade CM, et al [...]
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- 2021
18. COVID-19: a boon or a bane for the microbiologists
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Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Arunaloke, Chakrabarti, Chand, Wattal, and Reena, Raveendran
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Microbiologists ,Microbiology (medical) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Boon ,COVID-19 ,Humans ,Medicine ,Narrative Reviews ,Delivery of Health Care ,Pandemics ,Bane - Abstract
Background In the situation where COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented demands and pressure on the health care system, we wanted to analyze how the medical microbiologists of our country were affected. Was it actually an opportunity to showcase the specialty or was it a doom? A debate was organized as a key session in the national e-conference of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists, held on 10 December 2020. Objectives The objective of the debate was to examine and analyze the various positive as well as negative impacts of COVID-19 on the discipline of the medical microbiology of our country. Content Before the debate a voting session was conducted to assess the opinion of the audience followed by a very interesting debate where both the speakers presented their view points. The points in favor of the discipline were, mainly up-gradation of the specialty of microbiology in terms of learning, skill development, infrastructure, networking & research opportunities related to COVID-19. While the main points against were, nerve wracking work load without much acknowledgement, performance pressure from hospital administration to maintain rapid turnaround time, and a forceful neglect of all other infectious diseases like tuberculosis and antimicrobial resistance which were the key battle fields of the medical microbiologists. Postgraduate & even undergraduate training programs got completely derailed to their disadvantage. By the end of the debate, it was concluded that COVID-19 was neither a boon nor a bane to the microbiologists. A balanced approach to the problem in hand is required without ignoring the pre-existing infectious diseases in our country. The post debate voting swayed the audience considerably for it to be a bane & the faculty debating for boon had a huge margin to begin with but finally won with a whisker indicating the intensity of the debate.
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- 2022
19. Reduced T cell immunity in unmedicated, comorbidity-free obsessive-compulsive disorder: An immunophenotyping study
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Y.C. Janardhan Reddy, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, Manjula Subbanna, Dania Jose, Monojit Debnath, Venkataram Shivakumar, and Manjunath Venkataswamy
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,T cell ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ,Immunophenotyping ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Humans ,Medicine ,Cytotoxic T cell ,IL-2 receptor ,Biological Psychiatry ,Cluster of differentiation ,business.industry ,CD28 ,Flow Cytometry ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Immunology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,CD8 - Abstract
Background Immune system aberrations have been postulated to play a role in the pathophysiology of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study was aimed to examine the profile of immune cell subsets in peripheral blood of un-medicated OCD patients. Method Thirteen drug-naive/free OCD patients and twenty-six age & sex matched healthy controls were recruited. Immunophenotyping was carried out by staining the whole blood specimens with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies against the cell surface markers such as CD45, CD3, CD16, CD56, CD8, CD4, CD28, CD25 and CD127, followed by data acquisition on BD FACSVerse™ flow cytometer. The proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells; T regulatory (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells and NK-T cells were compared between patients with OCD and healthy control subjects. Results Significantly reduced percentage of T regulatory (Treg) cells was observed in individuals with OCD compared to healthy control subjects [1.0 ± 0.7 vs. 1.9 ± 1.4; p = 0.03, r = 0.33]. Conclusion Treg cells play a crucial role in regulating the immune response, especially by suppressing the functional activities of T cells. In this study, decreased population of Treg cells essentially indicates a dysregulated T cell and/or T cell mediated immune activation in drug-naive OCD patients. This preliminary observation might form the basis of further studies examining the immuno-inflammatory/autoimmune origin of OCD.
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- 2021
20. The role of SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance and innovative analytical platforms for informing public health preparedness in Bengaluru, India.
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Harsha, Pulleri Kandi, primary, Pattabiraman, Chitra, additional, George, Anson Kunjumon, additional, J., Madhusudhan, additional, Mardikar, Saumitra, additional, Nazaar, Mudasir, additional, Adimoolam, Srivathsan, additional, A., Divya Priya, additional, Pitale, Jayee, additional, Nagarajan, Mahesh, additional, Sridharan, Srikant, additional, Kannan, Yasodha, additional, Janakiraman, Anand, additional, Veeramachaneni, Vamsi, additional, Hariharan, Ramesh, additional, Rao, Vishal US, additional, Shariff, Mohammed, additional, Chandra, Thrilok, additional, Sudhakar, Keshava, additional, Dev, Randeep, additional, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional, and Chandru, Vijay, additional
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- 2022
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21. Cellular Immune Responses to Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine SA14-14-2 in Adults in a JE/Dengue Co-Endemic Area.
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Lance Turtle, Filippo Tatullo, Tanushka Bali, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Mohammed Soni, Sajesh Chan, Savita Chib, Manjunatha M Venkataswamy, Prachi Fadnis, Mansour Yaïch, Stefan Fernandez, Paul Klenerman, Vijaya Satchidanandam, and Tom Solomon
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BACKGROUND:Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) causes severe epidemic encephalitis across Asia, for which the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 is being used increasingly. JEV is a flavivirus, and is closely related to dengue virus (DENV), which is co-endemic in many parts of Asia, with clinically relevant interactions. There is no information on the human T cell response to SA14-14-2, or whether responses to SA14-14-2 cross-react with DENV. We used live attenuated JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as a model for studying T cell responses to JEV infection in adults, and to determine whether these T cell responses are cross-reactive with DENV, and other flaviviruses. METHODS:We conducted a single arm, open label clinical trial (registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01656200) to study T cell responses to SA14-14-2 in adults in South India, an area endemic for JE and dengue. RESULTS:Ten out of 16 (62.5%) participants seroconverted to JEV SA14-14-2, and geometric mean neutralising antibody (NAb) titre was 18.5. Proliferation responses were commonly present before vaccination in the absence of NAb, indicating a likely high degree of previous flavivirus exposure. Thirteen of 15 (87%) participants made T cell interferon-gamma (IFNγ) responses against JEV proteins. In four subjects tested, at least some T cell epitopes mapped cross-reacted with DENV and other flaviviruses. CONCLUSIONS:JEV SA14-14-2 was more immunogenic for T cell IFNγ than for NAb in adults in this JE/DENV co-endemic area. The proliferation positive, NAb negative combination may represent a new marker of long term immunity/exposure to JE. T cell responses can cross-react between JE vaccine and DENV in a co-endemic area, illustrating a need for greater knowledge on such responses to inform the development of next-generation vaccines effective against both diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION:clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01656200).
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- 2017
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22. Identification and Genomic Characterization of Parvovirus B19V Genotype 3 Viruses from Cases of Meningoencephalitis in West Bengal, India
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Pattabiraman, Chitra, primary, Prasad, Pramada, additional, Sudarshan, Sampada, additional, George, Anson K., additional, Sreenivas, Darshan, additional, Rasheed, Risha, additional, Ghosh, Ayushman, additional, Pal, Ananya, additional, Hameed, Shafeeq K. Shahul, additional, Bandyopadhyay, Bhaswati, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
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- 2022
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23. Variations within Toll‐like receptor ( TLR ) and TLR signaling pathway‐related genes and their synergistic effects on the risk of Guillain‐Barré syndrome
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Dutta, Debprasad, primary, Nagappa, Madhu, additional, Sreekumaran Nair, Binu V., additional, Das, Sumit Kumar, additional, Wahatule, Rahul, additional, Sinha, Sanjib, additional, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional, Taly, Arun B., additional, and Debnath, Monojit, additional
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- 2022
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24. Importation, circulation, and emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the South Indian state of Karnataka
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Pattabiraman, Chitra, primary, Prasad, Pramada, additional, George, Anson K., additional, Sreenivas, Darshan, additional, Rasheed, Risha, additional, Reddy, Nakka Vijay Kiran, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
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- 2022
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25. Impact of Antecedent Infections on the Antibodies against Gangliosides and Ganglioside Complexes in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Correlative Study
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Madhu Nagappa, Debprasad Dutta, Monojit Debnath, DoniparthiV Seshagiri, BinuV Sreekumaran Nair, SumitK Das, Rahul Wahatule, Sanjib Sinha, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and ArunB Taly
- Subjects
Neurology (clinical) - Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), an immune-mediated neuropathy, is characterized by antibodies against gangliosides/ganglioside complexes (GSCs) of peripheral nerves. Antecedent infections have been reported to induce antibodies that cross-react with the host gangliosides and thereby have a pivotal role in conferring an increased risk for developing GBS. Data pertaining to the impact of various antecedent infections, particularly those prevalent in tropical countries like India on the ganglioside/GSC antibodies is sparse. We aimed at exploring the association between six antecedent infections and the profile of ganglioside/GSC antibodies in GBS.Patients with GBS (n = 150) and healthy controls (n = 50) were examined for the serum profile of antibodies against GM1, GM2, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b and their GSCs by ELISA. These antibodies were correlated with immunoreactivities againstThe frequencies of antibodies against six single gangliosides (This study for the first time shows an association between antecedent JE infection and ganglioside antibodies in GBS. This finding reinforces the determining role of antecedent infections on ganglioside antibody responses and the subsequent immunological processes in GBS.
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- 2022
26. Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases Specific activities and Expression as Biomarkers in Brain Tumor Grading and Correlation of Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma G-III to Meningiomas G-I among Brain Tumors and their primary culture
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Prabha Muddobalaiah, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Chethan Chandagalu Thammanna, Bhadravathi Kenchappa Chandrasekhar Sagar, and Narayana Swamy Ramachandra Swamy
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Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Brain Neoplasms ,Oligodendroglioma ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Meningeal Neoplasms ,Humans ,Brain ,Glioma ,Neoplasm Grading ,Meningioma ,Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases - Abstract
Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP) are hydrolases that remove phosphate groups from protein and nucleic acid respectively for regulation of cell function from ACP as lysosomal defence function and ALP membrane-bound as a barrier of the cell. The ACP and ALP-specific activities of Meningiomas (n = 75) and gliomas (n = 81) were compared among brain tumors, normal brain, and derived primary cell culture.Total Protein and Phosphatases assays estimated by Spectrophotometer and Native PAGE Gel Electrophoresis. Brain tumor and primary explant lysosome studies were performed with an electron microscope.Average ACP specific activity exhibited 9.32617 ± 4.1144 for meningiomas (n = 55) and 5.91 ± 5.8305 for gliomas (n = 60) respectively as compared to normal brain 7.104 ± 1.33 (n = 120) nm/min/mg of protein. Average ALP exhibited 37.1862 ± 39.91 (n = 36) for meningiomas and 5.91 ± 5.83 (n = 60) for gliomas respectively as compared to normal brain (n = 117) 2.463 ± 1.01 nm/min/mg of protein. ACP and ALP exhibited higher activities for meningiomas but not for gliomas as compared to normal brain, in contrast, both expressed more activities in the majority of glioma cell lines and lower in meningioma cell lines. Interestingly gliomas exhibited similar average specific activities for ACP and ALP. While GBM IV exhibits lower ALP activities due to cell migration and higher ACP activity correlate too many storage lysosomes from Electron microscopic observation as compared to meningiomas.Higher ALP activities can be surrogate markers from meningiomas G-I, G-II to G-III respectively. However meningiomas G-III are similar to gliomas excluding Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma G- III which is similar to Meningiomas G-I even for cells growth patterns. Therefore, an ALP level in meningiomas indicates complementary diagnosis as antibody-ALP conjugates with anticancer drugs for efficiency in targeting brain tumor reduction.
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- 2021
27. Infection of human microglial cell line CHME-3 to study neuropathogenesis of chikungunya virus
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Syed Wasifa Qadri, Narendra Kumar, Rashmi Santhoshkumar, Anita Desai, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
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Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Neurology ,Virology ,Chikungunya Fever ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) ,Microglia ,Virus Replication ,Chikungunya virus ,Cell Line - Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, generally characterised by fever, rash and debilitating polyarthralgia, and/or arthritis, also causes complications of the central nervous system, including encephalitis. However, the role of microglial cells in the neuropathogenesis of CHIKV is poorly understood. The current study characterised the progression of CHIKV infection in the human microglial cell line CHME-3. The susceptibility of these cells to CHIKV and the viral replication kinetics were assessed during the early and late phases of infection. The cell viability was determined using the cell viability assay. Ultrastructural changes in CHIKV infected CHME-3 cells were assessed using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that CHME-3 cells are susceptible to CHIKV infection and support viral replication with no significant loss in cell viability until 72 h post infection. Ultrastructural studies revealed the formation of cytopathic vacuoles-I (CPV-I) in the early stages and CPV-II in later stages with several virions organized along the membrane of CPV-II. Profuse vacuolation was observed in the later stages of infection. Abnormal giant mitochondria with altered cristae were observed in infected cells with an electron-dense matrix. The study establishes CHME-3 cells as a potential model for investigating the role of human microglial cells in neuropathogenicity of CHIKV.
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- 2021
28. Th17 and MAIT cell mediated inflammation in antipsychotic free schizophrenia patients
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Ruthu Nagaraju, Monojit Debnath, Chakrakodi N. Varun, Raju Ravikumar, Shivarama Varambally, Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, and Vasanthapuram Ravi
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Lymphocyte ,Population ,Central nervous system ,Inflammation ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells ,Pathogenesis ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Antipsychotic ,education ,Biological Psychiatry ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Immunity, Cellular ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Schizophrenia ,Th17 Cells ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Antipsychotic Agents - Abstract
The immune hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained significant popularity in recent years in schizophrenia research. Evidence suggests that the peripheral immune system communicates with central nervous system and the effect propagates through microglial and lymphocyte crosstalk, especially during neuro-inflammation. Although, there is previous literature indicating changes in lymphocyte population in schizophrenia, detailed studies with respect to T and B cells are scarce. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are functionally associated with the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, there is no information on the frequency of MAIT cells in schizophrenia. Hence, we investigated changes in proportions of T cells, B cells and MAIT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy controls. In line with earlier reports, we noted perturbations in Th17 cells. This study for the first time reports changes in frequencies of MAIT cells in a homogenous population of antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia. These changes, though not common across all patients nevertheless point to the fact that inflammation is prevalent in a significant subset of schizophrenia cases.
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- 2019
29. Second round statewide survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India
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Padma, M Rajagopal, primary, Dinesh, Prameela, additional, Sundaresan, Rajesh, additional, Athreya, Siva, additional, Shiju, Shilpa, additional, Maroor, Parimala S, additional, Hande, R Lalitha, additional, Akhtar, Jawaid, additional, Chandra, Trilok, additional, Ravi, Deepa, additional, Lobo, Eunice, additional, Ana, Yamuna, additional, Shriyan, Prafulla, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, Rangaiah, Ambica, additional, Munivenkatappa, Ashok, additional, Krishna, S, additional, Basawarajappa, Shantala Gowdara, additional, Sreedhara, HG, additional, Siddesh, KC, additional, Amrutha Kumari, B, additional, Umar, Nawaz, additional, Mythri, BA, additional, Mythri, KM, additional, Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa, additional, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional, and Babu, Giridhara R, additional
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- 2021
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30. Antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients from south India
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Vasanthapuram Ravi, Sanjib Sinha, Madhu Nagappa, Monojit Debnath, Debprasad Dutta, Rahul Wahatule, Arun B Taly, and Sumit Kumar Das
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medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.disease_cause ,Guillain-Barre Syndrome ,Campylobacter jejuni ,Gastroenterology ,Virus ,Dengue fever ,Dengue ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Chikungunya ,biology ,Guillain-Barre syndrome ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Japanese encephalitis ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Peripheral neuropathy ,Immunoglobulin M ,Case-Control Studies ,Etiology ,Chikungunya Fever ,Neurology (clinical) ,business - Abstract
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is the commonest post-infectious inflammatory peripheral neuropathy with undiscerned aetiology. The commonly reported antecedent infections implicated in India include Campylobacter jejuni, chikungunya, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis (JE). In this study from south India, we investigated the role of these four agents in triggering GBS. This case-control study was performed on 150 treatment-naive patients with GBS and 150 age and sex-matched controls from the same community. IgM immunoreactivity for C. jejuni, chikungunya, and dengue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum of patients with GBS and control subjects. Immunoreactivity against JE was detected in serum as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients (n = 150) and orthopaedic control (n = 45) subjects. The immunoreactivity against infections was compared between demyelinating and axonal subtypes of GBS. Overall, 119/150 patients with GBS had serological evidence of antecedent infection. Amongst those with evidence of antecedent infection, 24 (16%), 8 (5%), and 9 (6%) patients were exclusively immunoreactive to chikungunya, JE, and C. jejuni, respectively. In the remaining patients (78/119), immunoreactivity to multiple pathogens was noted. Immunoreactivity to C. jejuni infection was found in 32% of GBS patients compared to 2.7% controls (P
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- 2021
31. An algorithmic approach to identifying the aetiology of acute encephalitis syndrome in India: results of a 4-year enhanced surveillance study
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Vasanthapuram Ravi, Shafeeq K Shahul Hameed, Anita Desai, Reeta Subramanian Mani, Vijayalakshmi Reddy, Anoop Velayudhan, Ravi Yadav, Amita Jain, Lahari Saikia, A K Borthakur, Ajanta Sharma, Daiji Gogoi Mohan, Bhaswati Bhandopadhyay, Nemai Bhattacharya, Leena Inamdar, Shah Hossain, Sharon Daves, James Sejvar, A C Dhariwal, P K Sen, S Venkatesh, Jagdish Prasad, Kayla Laserson, and Padmini Srikantiah
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Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ,Male ,Zika Virus Infection ,India ,General Medicine ,Zika Virus ,United States ,Immunoglobulin M ,Scrub Typhus ,Acute Febrile Encephalopathy ,Chikungunya Fever ,Humans ,Female ,Child - Abstract
Annual outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome pose a major health burden in India. Although Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) accounts for around 15% of reported cases, the aetiology of most cases remains unknown. We aimed to establish an enhanced surveillance network and to use a standardised diagnostic algorithm to conduct a systematic evaluation of acute encephalitis syndrome in India.In this large-scale, systematic surveillance study in India, patients presenting with acute encephalitis syndrome (ie, acute onset of fever with altered mental status, seizure, or both) to any of the 18 participating hospitals across Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Assam were evaluated for JEV (serum and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] IgM ELISA) per standard of care. In enhanced surveillance, JEV IgM-negative specimens were additionally evaluated for scrub typhus, dengue virus, and West Nile virus by serum IgM ELISA, and for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enterovirus by CSF PCR across five referral laboratories. In 2017, chikungunya and Leptospira serum IgM by ELISA and Zika virus serum and CSF by PCR were also tested.Of 10 107 patients with acute encephalitis syndrome enrolled in enhanced surveillance between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2017, 5734 (57·8%) of 9917 participants with available data were male and 6179 (62·7%) of 9856 were children aged 15 years and younger. Among patients who provided a sample of either CSF or serum in enhanced surveillance, an aetiology was identified in 1921 (33·2%) of 5786 patients enrolled between 2014 and 2016 and in 1484 (34·3%) of 4321 patients enrolled in 2017. The most commonly identified aetiologies were JEV (1023 [17·7%] of 5786 patients), scrub typhus (645 [18·5%] of 3489), and dengue virus (161 [5·2%] of 3124). Among participants who provided both CSF and serum specimens, an aetiology was identified in 1446 (38·3%) of 3774 patients enrolled between 2014 and 2016 and in 936 (40·3%) of 2324 enrolled in 2017, representing a 3·1-times increase in the number of patients with acute encephalitis syndrome with an identified aetiology compared with standard care alone (299 [12·9%]; p0·0001).Implementation of a systematic diagnostic algorithm in an enhanced surveillance platform resulted in a 3·1-times increase in identification of the aetiology of acute encephalitis syndrome, besides JEV alone, and highlighted the importance of scrub typhus and dengue virus as important infectious aetiologies in India. These findings have prompted revision of the national testing guidelines for this syndrome across India.US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2021
32. Importation, circulation, and emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the South Indian state of Karnataka
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Pattabiraman, Chitra, primary, Prasad, Pramada, additional, George, Anson K., additional, Sreenivas, Darshan, additional, Rasheed, Risha, additional, Reddy, Nakka Vijay Kiran, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
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- 2021
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33. Understanding the mechanism of Chikungunya virus vector competence in three species of mosquitoes
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B. K. Tyagi, Vasanthapuram Ravi, S. Bomanna, A. Ghosh, T. Mullapudi, and Anita Desai
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0301 basic medicine ,Aedes albopictus ,education ,030231 tropical medicine ,India ,Mosquito Vectors ,Aedes aegypti ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aedes ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Chikungunya ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Virus quantification ,General Veterinary ,fungi ,virus diseases ,Midgut ,030108 mycology & parasitology ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Culex quinquefasciatus ,Culex ,Insect Science ,Vector (epidemiology) ,Chikungunya Fever ,Parasitology ,Chikungunya virus - Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is primarily transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The present study investigated vector competence for CHIKV in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes found in Madurai, South India. The role of receptor proteins on midguts contributing to permissiveness of CHIKV to Aedes spp. mosquitoes was also undertaken. Mosquitoes were orally infected with CHIKV DRDE-06. Infection of midguts and dissemination to heads was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay at different time points. A plaque assay was performed from mosquito homogenates at different time points to study CHIKV replication. Presence of putative CHIKV receptor proteins on mosquito midgut epithelial cells was detected by virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA). The identity of these proteins was established using mass spectrometry. CHIKV infection of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus midguts and dissemination to heads was observed to be similar. A plaque assay performed with infected mosquito homogenates revealed that CHIKV replication dynamics was similar in Aedes sp. mosquitoes until 28 days post infection. VOPBA performed with mosquito midgut membrane proteins revealed that prohibitin could serve as a putative CHIKV receptor on Aedes mosquito midguts, whereas an absence of CHIKV binding protein/s on Culex quinquefasciatus midguts can partially explain the non-permissiveness of these mosquitoes to infection.
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- 2019
34. Relationship between Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: evidence for differential susceptibility?
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Sunil Vasu Kalmady, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, Venkataram Shivakumar, S Gautham, Aditi Subramaniam, Dania Alphonse Jose, Arindam Maitra, Vasanthapuram Ravi, and Bangalore N Gangadhar
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Various lines of evidence including epidemiological, genetic and foetal pathogenetic models suggest a compelling role for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. IL-6 mediated inflammatory response triggered by maternal infection or stress induces disruption of prenatal hippocampal development which might contribute towards psychopathology during adulthood. There is a substantial lack of knowledge on how genetic predisposition to elevated IL-6 expression effects hippocampal structure in schizophrenia patients. In this first-time study, we evaluated the relationship between functional polymorphism rs1800795 of IL-6 and hippocampal gray matter volume in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients in comparison with healthy controls.We examined antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients [N = 28] in comparison with healthy controls [N = 37] group matched on age, sex and handedness. Using 3 Tesla - MRI, bilateral hippocampi were manually segmented by blinded raters with good inter-rater reliability using a valid method. Additionally, Voxel-based Morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed using hippocampal mask. The IL-6 level was measured in blood plasma using ELISA technique. SNP rs1800795 was genotyped using PCR and DNA sequencing. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms.Schizophrenia patients had significantly deficient left and right hippocampal volumes after controlling for the potential confounding effects of age, sex and total brain volume. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls. There was a significant diagnosis by rs1800795 genotype interaction involving both right and left hippocampal volumes. Interestingly, this effect was significant only in men but not in women.Our first time observations suggest a significant relationship between IL-6 rs1800795 and reduced hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia. Moreover, this relationship was antithetical in healthy controls and this effect was observed in men but not in women. Together, these observations support a "differential susceptibility" effect of rs1800795 in schizophrenia pathogenesis mediated through hippocampal volume deficit that is of possible neurodevelopmental origin.
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- 2014
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35. Enterovirus 75 Encephalitis in Children, Southern India
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Penny Lewthwaite, David Perera, Mong How Ooi, Anna Last, Ravi Kumar, Anita Desai, Ashia Begum, Vasanthapuram Ravi, M. Veera Shankar, Phaik Hooi Tio, Mary Jane Cardosa, and Tom Solomon
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Enterovirus 75 ,viruses ,encephalitis ,children ,diagnostics ,India ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Recent outbreaks of enterovirus in Southeast Asia emphasize difficulties in diagnosis of this infection. To address this issue, we report 5 (4.7%) children infected with enterovirus 75 among 106 children with acute encephalitis syndrome during 2005–2007 in southern India. Throat swab specimens may be useful for diagnosis of enterovirus 75 infection.
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- 2010
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36. Contact Tracing of COVID-19 in Karnataka, India: Superspreading and Determinants of Infectiousness and Symptomaticity
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Archisman Mazumder, Giridara Gopal Parameswaran, Manraj S Sra, Jawaid Akhtar, Nishant Aggarwal, Giridhara R Babu, iCART, Mehak Arora, Pankaj Kumar Pandey, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Amulya Gupta, Tarun Bhatnagar, Bhavik Bansal, Mohak Gupta, Rishika Mohanta, and Devarsh Patel
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business.industry ,Relative risk ,Case fatality rate ,Outbreak ,Medicine ,Transmission risks and rates ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Index case ,Asymptomatic ,Contact tracing ,Demography ,Serial interval - Abstract
Brief AbstractWe analysed SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and contact tracing data from Karnataka, India up to 21 July 2020. We estimated metrics of infectiousness and the tendency for superspreading (overdispersion), and evaluated potential determinants of infectiousness and symptomaticity in COVID-19 cases. Among 956 cases confirmed to be forward-traced, 8.7% of index cases had 14.4% of contacts but caused 80% of all secondary cases, suggesting significant heterogeneity in individual-level transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 which could not be explained by the degree of heterogeneity in underlying number of contacts. Secondary attack rate was 3.6% among 16715 close contacts. Transmission was higher when index case was aged >18 years, or was symptomatic (adjusted risk ratio, aRR 3.63), or was lab-confirmed ≥4 days after symptom onset (aRR 3.01). Probability of symptomatic infection increased with age, and symptomatic infectors were 8.16 times more likely to generate symptomatic secondaries. This could potentially cause a snowballing effect on infectiousness and clinical severity across transmission generations; further studies are suggested to confirm this. Mean serial interval was 5.4 days. Adding backward contact tracing and targeting control measures to curb super-spreading may be prudent. Due to low symptomaticity and infectivity, interventions aimed at children might have a relatively small impact on reducing transmission.Structured AbstractBackgroundIndia has experienced the second largest outbreak of COVID-19 globally, yet there is a paucity of studies analysing contact tracing data in the region. Such studies can elucidate essential transmission metrics which can help optimize disease control policies.MethodsWe analysed contact tracing data collected under the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme from Karnataka, India between 9 March and 21 July 2020. We estimated metrics of disease transmission including the reproduction number (R), overdispersion (k), secondary attack rate (SAR), and serial interval. R and k were jointly estimated using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. We evaluated the effect of age and other factors on the risk of transmitting the infection, probability of asymptomatic infection, and mortality due to COVID-19.FindingsUp to 21 July, we found 111 index cases that crossed the super-spreading threshold of ≥8 secondary cases. R and k were most reliably estimated at R 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62-0.91) and k 0.12 (0.11-0.15) for confirmed traced cases (n=956); and R 0.91 (0.72-1.15) and k 0.22 (0.17-0.27) from the three largest clusters (n=394). Among 956 confirmed traced cases, 8.7% of index cases had 14.4% of contacts but caused 80% of all secondary cases. Among 16715 contacts, overall SAR was 3.6% (3.4-3.9) and symptomatic cases were more infectious than asymptomatic cases (SAR 7.7% vs 2.0%; aRR 3.63 [3.04-4.34]). As compared to infectors aged 19-44 years, children were less infectious (aRR 0.21 [0.07-0.66] for 0-5 years and 0.47 [0.32-0.68] for 6-18 years). Infectors who were confirmed ≥4 days after symptom onset were associated with higher infectiousness (aRR 3.01 [2.11-4.31]). Probability of symptomatic infection increased with age, and symptomatic infectors were 8.16 (3.29-20.24) times more likely to generate symptomatic secondaries. Serial interval had a mean of 5.4 (4.4-6.4) days with a Weibull distribution. Overall case fatality rate was 2.5% (2.4-2.7) which increased with age.ConclusionWe found significant heterogeneity in the individual-level transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 which could not be explained by the degree of heterogeneity in the underlying number of contacts. To strengthen contact tracing in over-dispersed outbreaks, testing and tracing delays should be minimised, retrospective contact tracing should be considered, and contact tracing performance metrics should be utilised. Targeted measures to reduce potential superspreading events should be implemented. Interventions aimed at children might have a relatively small impact on reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission owing to their low symptomaticity and infectivity. There is some evidence that symptomatic cases produce secondary cases that are more likely to be symptomatic themselves which may potentially cause a snowballing effect on infectiousness and clinical severity across transmission generations; further studies are needed to confirm this finding.FundingGiridhara R Babu is funded by an Intermediate Fellowship by the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (Clinical and Public Health Research Fellowship); grant number: IA/CPHI/14/1/501499.
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- 2020
37. Human parvovirus 4 as potential cause of encephalitis in children, India
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Benjamin, Laura A., Lewthwaite, Penny, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Zhao, Guoyan, Sharp, Colin, Simmonds, Peter, Wang, David, and Solomon, Tom
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Nucleic acids ,Encephalitis -- Development and progression ,Health - Abstract
Encephalitis is a major cause of death and disability globally. In Asia, Japanese encephalitis virus is the most commonly recognized cause, with 30,000-50,000 cases and ≅ 10,000 deaths annually (1). [...]
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- 2011
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38. Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Indian state of Karnataka
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Pattabiraman, Chitra, primary, Habib, Farhat, additional, P. K., Harsha, additional, Rasheed, Risha, additional, Prasad, Pramada, additional, Reddy, Vijayalakshmi, additional, Dinesh, Prameela, additional, Damodar, Tina, additional, Hosallimath, Kiran, additional, George, Anson K., additional, Kiran Reddy, Nakka Vijay, additional, John, Banerjee, additional, Pattanaik, Amrita, additional, Kumar, Narendra, additional, Mani, Reeta S., additional, Venkataswamy, Manjunatha M., additional, Shahul Hameed, Shafeeq K., additional, Kumar B. G., Prakash, additional, Desai, Anita, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
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- 2020
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39. HLA-B∗57 and Gender Influence the Occurrence of Tuberculosis in HIV Infected People of South India
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Latha Jagannathan, Mrinalini Chaturvedi, Bhuthaiah Satish, Kadappa Shivappa Satish, Anita Desai, D. K. Subbakrishna, Parthasarathy Satishchandra, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Kamala Balakrishnan, Paturu Kondaiah, and Vasanthapuram Ravi
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Background. Substantial evidence exists for HLA and other host genetic factors being determinants of susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases. However, very little information is available on the role of host genetic factors in HIV-TB coinfection. Hence, a longitudinal study was undertaken to investigate HLA associations in a cohort of HIV seropositive individuals with and without TB in Bangalore, South India. Methods. A cohort of 238 HIV seropositive subjects were typed for HLA-A, B, and DR by PCR-SSP and followed up for 5 years or till manifestation of Tuberculosis. HLA data of 682 HIV Negative healthy renal donors was used as control. Results. The ratio of males and females in HIV cohort was comparable (50.4% and 49.6%). But the incidence of TB was markedly lower in females (12.6%,) than males (25.6%). Further, HLA-B*57 frequency in HIV cohort was significantly higher among females without TB (21.6%, 19/88) than males (1.7%, 1/59); P=0.0046; OR=38. CD4 counts also were higher among females in this cohort. Conclusion. This study suggests that HIV positive women with HLA-B*57 have less occurrence of TB as compared to males.
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- 2011
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40. Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Karnataka State, South India: Transmission Dynamics of Symptomatic vs. Asymptomatic Infections
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Kumar, Narendra, primary, Hameed, Shafeeq K. Shahul, additional, Babu, Girdhara R., additional, Venkataswamy, Manjunatha M., additional, Dinesh, Prameela, additional, BG, Prakash Kumar, additional, John, Daisy A., additional, Desai, Anita, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
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- 2020
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41. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Cells in Infiltrates Associated With CNS Opportunistic Infections in Patients With HIV Clade C Infection
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Mahadevan, Anita, Shankar, Susarla K., Satishchandra, Parthasarathy, Ranga, Udaykumar, Chickabasaviah, Yasha Thagadur, Santosh, Vani, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Pardo, Carlos A., Nath, Avindra, and Zink, Mary C.
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- 2007
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42. Chikungunya virus and central nervous system infections in children, India
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Lewthwaite, Penny, Vasanthapuram, Ravi, Osborne, Jane C., Begum, Ashia, Plank, Jenna L. M., Shankar, M. Veera, Hewson, Roger, Desai, Anita, Beeching, Nick J., Ravikumar, Ravi, and Solomon, Tom
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Central nervous system -- Health aspects ,Infection -- Health aspects - Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus best known for causing fever, rash, arthralgia, and occasional neurologic disease. By using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we detected CHIKV in plasma samples of [...]
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- 2009
43. Plasma cytokine abnormalities in drug-naïve, comorbidity-free obsessive–compulsive disorder
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Janardhan Reddy Yc, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, Anish V. Cherian, Sunil V. Kalmady, and Naren P. Rao
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Adult ,Male ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Anxiety ,Severity of Illness Index ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Pathogenesis ,Interferon-gamma ,Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Biological Psychiatry ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Interleukin-6 ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Interleukin ,medicine.disease ,Comorbidity ,Interleukin-10 ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Drug-naïve ,Cytokine ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,Clinical Global Impression ,Cytokines ,Interleukin-2 ,Female ,Interleukin-4 ,Psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Growing evidence in the last decade suggest significant role of immune alterations in the pathogenesis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Cytokines, mediators of inflammation, alter the neurotransmitter concentration and result in a hyposerotonergic and hyperglutamatergic state implicated in pathogenesis of OCD. However, only few studies have examined cytokine abnormalities in OCD with inconsistent results possibly due to confounding effects of medications and comorbid anxiety–depression. We examined 20 comorbidity free, drug free OCD patients and 20 age and sex matched healthy controls. Clinical severity was assessed using Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, Hamilton depression rating scale and Clinical Global Impression. Levels of different cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ were assessed using Cytometric Bead Array. OCD patients had significantly greater plasma levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels than controls but not IFN-γ. Reanalysis of data with only drug naive patients (excluding 4 drug free patients) did not alter the results. Presence of these abnormalities in drug-naive patients suggests the possible role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of OCD. Study findings have potential clinical utility in development of novel therapeutic options targeting cytokine aberrations in OCD.
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- 2015
44. Serum vitamin D and hippocampal gray matter volume in schizophrenia
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Matcheri S. Keshavan, Sri Mahavir Agarwal, Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, Sunil V. Kalmady, Anekal C. Amaresha, Venkataram Shivakumar, Boban Joseph, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Dania Jose, and Bangalore N. Gangadhar
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Statistics as Topic ,Neuroscience (miscellaneous) ,Hippocampal formation ,Hippocampus ,vitamin D deficiency ,Pathogenesis ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Gray Matter ,Vitamin D ,Serum vitamin ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Organ Size ,Vitamin D Deficiency ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Serum vitamin D level ,Endocrinology ,Schizophrenia ,biology.protein ,Receptors, Calcitriol ,Female ,Psychology ,Neurotrophin - Abstract
Disparate lines of evidence including epidemiological and case-control studies have increasingly implicated vitamin D in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to dysfunction of the hippocampus--a brain region hypothesized to be critically involved in schizophrenia. In this study, we examined for potential association between serum vitamin D level and hippocampal gray matter volume in antipsychotic-naïve or antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients (n = 35). Serum vitamin D level was estimated using 25-OH vitamin D immunoassay. Optimized voxel-based morphometry was used to analyze 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1-mm slice thickness). Ninety-seven percent of the schizophrenia patients (n = 34) had sub-optimal levels of serum vitamin D (83%, deficiency; 14%, insufficiency). A significant positive correlation was seen between vitamin D and regional gray matter volume in the right hippocampus after controlling for age, years of education and total intracranial volume (Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates: x = 35, y = -18, z = -8; t = 4.34 pFWE(Corrected) = 0.018). These observations support a potential role of vitamin D deficiency in mediating hippocampal volume deficits, possibly through neurotrophic, neuroimmunomodulatory and glutamatergic effects.
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- 2015
45. Single cell immune profiling of dengue virus patients reveals intact immune responses to Zika virus with enrichment of innate immune signatures
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Jayasree Sivadasan, Monique M. Richards, Megan E. Cahill, Kevin R. Moon, Brent C. Vander Wyk, Steven H. Kleinstein, Yujiao Zhao, Mahesh M. Kumar, Bram Gerritsen, Xiaomei Wang, Erol Fikrig, David van Dijk, Priti Kumar, Matthew Amodio, Anna Malawista, Anita Desai, Smita Krishnaswamy, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Ruth R. Montgomery, and Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
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RNA viruses ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Viral Diseases ,Physiology ,RC955-962 ,Dengue virus ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Dengue Fever ,Zika virus ,Dengue fever ,Dengue ,White Blood Cells ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal Cells ,Immune Physiology ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Cytotoxic T cell ,Immune Response ,Pathogen ,Innate Immune System ,Immunity, Cellular ,T Cells ,Zika Virus Infection ,Middle Aged ,Flow Cytometry ,3. Good health ,Infectious Diseases ,Medical Microbiology ,Viral Pathogens ,Viruses ,Cytokines ,Female ,Pathogens ,Cellular Types ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Research Article ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Immune Cells ,Immunology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Cytotoxic T cells ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,Immunity ,medicine ,Humans ,Microbial Pathogens ,Blood Cells ,Innate immune system ,Biology and life sciences ,Flaviviruses ,Organisms ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Zika Virus ,Cell Biology ,Dengue Virus ,Molecular Development ,Tropical Diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Immunity, Innate ,High-Throughput Screening Assays ,030104 developmental biology ,Immune System ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains many mosquito-borne human pathogens of global epidemiological importance such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus, which has recently emerged at epidemic levels. Infections with these viruses result in divergent clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. Myriad factors influence infection severity including exposure, immune status and pathogen/host genetics. Furthermore, pre-existing infection may skew immune pathways or divert immune resources. We profiled immune cells from dengue virus-infected individuals by multiparameter mass cytometry (CyTOF) to define functional status. Elevations in IFNβ were noted in acute patients across the majority of cell types and were statistically elevated in 31 of 36 cell subsets. We quantified response to in vitro (re)infection with dengue or Zika viruses and detected a striking pattern of upregulation of responses to Zika infection by innate cell types which was not noted in response to dengue virus. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a neural network-based clustering approach which identified unusual cell subsets overlooked by conventional manual gating. Of public health importance, patient cells showed significant enrichment of innate cell responses to Zika virus indicating an intact and robust anti-Zika response despite the concurrent dengue infection., Author summary Mosquitoes carry many globally important human pathogens including a family of related viruses: dengue virus, West Nile virus, Yellow Fever virus, and recently of critical significance, Zika virus. The Zika virus epidemic emerged very rapidly in the susceptible South American population and in many cases immune responses were unable to control the infection. Immune history is a key element of susceptibility or resistance to severe disease. We examined whether pre-existing infection would skew or divert immune resources and might play a role in the severity of Zika infection in the Americas. Using samples from dengue patients and healthy controls from India, we tested functional responses to Zika virus in the context of pre-existing dengue infection. We quantified frequency and functional status of 36 individual cell subsets in depth using advanced profiling techniques and a novel deep learning algorithm. We showed an intact response to new infection with Zika virus which was enriched for early innate immune pathways and robust even during existing dengue infection. Thus, our study suggests that concurrent dengue infection would not be expected to impair immune responses to new infection with Zika virus.
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- 2020
46. Procalcitonin and C - reactive protein as peripheral inflammatory markers in antipsychotic drug-free schizophrenia patients
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Vasanthapuram Ravi, Ravikumar Raju, Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy, Chakrakodi N. Varun, and Shivarama Varambally
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Adult ,Calcitonin ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anti-nuclear antibody ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Inflammation ,Context (language use) ,Gastroenterology ,Procalcitonin ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Antipsychotic ,General Psychology ,biology ,business.industry ,C-reactive protein ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Pathophysiology ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,C-Reactive Protein ,Schizophrenia ,biology.protein ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be relevant in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Existing literature indicates that controlling inflammation may be helpful in patient management. Procalcitonin (PCT) is an established marker of inflammation which has not been well studied in context with schizophrenia. The study recruited 34 schizophrenia patients free of antipsychotic treatment and 24 healthy controls without any signs of inflammation. Plasma C reactive protein was quantified using a high sensitivity turbidimetric assay. Plasma PCT levels was estimated by sandwich ELISA. The study ruled out autoimmune antibodies by ANA and RF tests which exclude confounding factors contributing to inflammation. The data shows a subgroup of patients 17/34 (50%) have either elevated PCT or CRP levels. This study is the first to report PCT values in antipsychotic drug-free patients with schizophrenia.
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- 2018
47. Immune aberrations in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case-control study from a tertiary care neuropsychiatric hospital in India
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Satish Chandra Girimaji, Therese van Amelsvoort, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Salah Basheer, Shoba Srinath, Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy, Rita Christopher, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, and MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Psychiatrie (9)
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Myeloid ,INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Monocytes ,ACTIVATION ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Immunophenotyping ,Medicine ,Myeloid Cells ,TH17 ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,biology ,ABNORMALITIES ,Interleukin-17 ,Flow Cytometry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,IL-17 ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cytokine ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Child, Preschool ,Cytokines ,Female ,Interleukin 17 ,India ,Myeloid dendritic cells ,PERIPHERAL-BLOOD ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Interleukin 6 ,Biological Psychiatry ,Inflammation ,IL-6 ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,business.industry ,Interleukin-6 ,Tertiary Healthcare ,Case-control study ,Dendrites ,medicine.disease ,MICE ,030104 developmental biology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Immune dysfunction ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,T-CELLS ,ASTHMA ,Th17 Cells ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,SYSTEM - Abstract
Multiple studies have identified the presence of peripheral immune aberrations in subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, comprehensive assessment of these peripheral immune aberrations, in the cellular and systemic compartments, in a single group of subjects with ASD is lacking. We assessed proportions of various subsets of immune cells in peripheral blood (T helper cells, T regulatory cells, B cells, monocytes, Natural Killer cells, dendritic cells) by multi-parametric flow cytometry in 50 children with ASD and compared it with thirty healthy controls matched for age, gender, socio-economic status and body mass index. There were no significant differences noted in the proportion of T regulatory cells, B cells, monocytes and Natural Killer cells, between ASD subjects and controls. On the contrary, the proportion of activated Th17 and myeloid dendritic cells were significantly higher in children with ASD. Based on these findings, group comparison of serum levels of Th17 cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-17A) was performed. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-17A in children with ASD corroborated our immunophenotyping findings. We did not find any significant differences among the pro-inflammatory (interleukin-1 beta), Th1 (interferon-gamma) and Th2 (interleukin-4) cytokines. This is the first evidence with concurrent findings from immunophenotyping and cytokine data demonstrating activation of the Th17 pathway in subjects with ASD. This finding assumes significance in the light of recent maternal immune activation mouse model study that has highlighted the role of Th17 pathway in the pathophysiology of ASD. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the role of this dysregulated immune pathway in the development of ASD.
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- 2018
48. Syndrome Evaluation System for Simultaneous Detection of Pathogens Causing Acute Encephalitic Syndrome in India, Part-2: Validation Using Well Characterized Clinical Samples
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Govekar, Sunil R., primary, Lakshman, Latha P., additional, Reddy, Vijayalakshmi, additional, Mani, Reeta S., additional, Mahadevan, Anita, additional, Susarla, Shankar K., additional, Desai, Anita, additional, Banda, Ravi Kumar Venkata, additional, and Vasanthapuram, Ravi, additional
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
49. Establishment of reference CD4+ T cell values for adult Indian population
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Ray Krishnangshu, Narain Kanwar, Mohanakrishnan Janardhanan, Desai Anita, Vajpayee Madhu, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Devi K Rekha, Joshi Ameeta A, Bandyopadhyay Bhaswati, Balakrishnan Pachamuthu, Arora Sunil, Abraham Philip R, Thakar Madhuri R, Patil Shilpa S, Singh Ravinder, Singla Anuj, and Paranjape Ramesh S
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Abstract Background CD4+ T lymphocyte counts are the most important indicator of disease progression and success of antiretroviral treatment in HIV infection in resource limited settings. The nationwide reference range of CD4+ T lymphocytes was not available in India. This study was conducted to determine reference values of absolute CD4+ T cell counts and percentages for adult Indian population. Methods A multicentric study was conducted involving eight sites across the country. A total of 1206 (approximately 150 per/centre) healthy participants were enrolled in the study. The ratio of male (N = 645) to female (N = 561) of 1.14:1. The healthy status of the participants was assessed by a pre-decided questionnaire. At all centers the CD4+ T cell count, percentages and absolute CD3+ T cell count and percentages were estimated using a single platform strategy and lyse no wash technique. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Scientist (SPSS), version 15) and Prism software version 5. Results The absolute CD4+ T cell counts and percentages in female participants were significantly higher than the values obtained in male participants indicating the true difference in the CD4+ T cell subsets. The reference range for absolute CD4 count for Indian male population was 381-1565 cells/μL and for female population was 447-1846 cells/μL. The reference range for CD4% was 25-49% for male and 27-54% for female population. The reference values for CD3 counts were 776-2785 cells/μL for Indian male population and 826-2997 cells/μL for female population. Conclusion The study used stringent procedures for controlling the technical variation in the CD4 counts across the sites and thus could establish the robust national reference ranges for CD4 counts and percentages. These ranges will be helpful in staging the disease progression and monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection in India.
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Exploring Single-Cell Data with Deep Multitasking Neural Networks
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Priti Kumar, Krishnan Srinivasan, David van Dijk, Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy, Guy Wolf, Hussein Mohsen, Matthew Amodio, Kevin R. Moon, Yujiao Zhao, Xiaomei Wang, Ruth R. Montgomery, Anita Desai, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Allison M. Campbell, Smita Krishnaswamy, and William S. Chen
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Normalization (statistics) ,Computer science ,T-Lymphocytes ,Sample (statistics) ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Biochemistry ,Regularization (mathematics) ,Article ,Dengue ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,Human multitasking ,Entropy (information theory) ,Imputation (statistics) ,Entropy (energy dispersal) ,Representation (mathematics) ,Cluster analysis ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Ground truth ,Artificial neural network ,Extramural ,business.industry ,Pattern recognition ,Cell Biology ,Autoencoder ,Visualization ,Scalability ,Information dimension ,Embedding ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Artificial intelligence ,Single-Cell Analysis ,Unsupervised clustering ,business ,computer ,Biotechnology ,Curse of dimensionality - Abstract
Biomedical researchers are generating high-throughput, high-dimensional single-cell data at a staggering rate. As costs of data generation decrease, experimental design is moving towards measurement of many different single-cell samples in the same dataset. These samples can correspond to different patients, conditions, or treatments. While scalability of methods to datasets of these sizes is a challenge on its own, dealing with large-scale experimental design presents a whole new set of problems, including batch effects and sample comparison issues. Currently, there are no computational tools that can both handle large amounts of data in a scalable manner (many cells) and at the same time deal with many samples (many patients or conditions). Moreover, data analysis currently involves the use of different tools that each operate on their own data representation, not guaranteeing a synchronized analysis pipeline. For instance, data visualization methods can be disjoint and mismatched with the clustering method. For this purpose, we present SAUCIE, a deep neural network that leverages the high degree of parallelization and scalability offered by neural networks, as well as the deep representation of data that can be learned by them to perform many single-cell data analysis tasks, all on a unified representation.A well-known limitation of neural networks is their interpretability. Our key contribution here are newly formulated regularizations (penalties) that render features learned in hidden layers of the neural network interpretable. When large multi-patient datasets are fed into SAUCIE, the various hidden layers contain denoised and batch-corrected data, a low dimensional visualization, unsupervised clustering, as well as other information that can be used to explore the data. We show this capability by analyzing a newly generated 180-sample dataset consisting of T cells from dengue patients in India, measured with mass cytometry. We show that SAUCIE, for the first time, can batch correct and process this 11-million cell data to identify cluster-based signatures of acute dengue infection and create a patient manifold, stratifying immune response to dengue on the basis of single-cell measurements.
- Published
- 2017
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