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Comprehensive Summary: Hydrogermylation of alkenes and alkynes provides a straightforward synthetic route to organogermanium compounds that have been found applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and material science. This paper reviews the advances in transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrogermylation of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds, including alkenes, alkynes, dienes, and allenes, with the objective of providing readers with the status of the field. Progress, problems, and perspectives in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of the lightweight design of metal fins and strengthen the heat transfer between phase change material (PCM) and lithium batteries, the synergistic design of fins and phase change material-battery thermal management system (PCM-BTMS) is particularly important. In this paper, 9 new branch fin design schemes were proposed based on the conventional straight fin. The reliability of the computational fluid dynamics model was verified through the heat transfer experiments at different discharge rates. Firstly, the thermal performances of 9 new fins and the conventional straight fin under 5C discharge rate were compared and analyzed, and the optimal model was selected. Secondly, the effects of transverse fin coverage area, number, arc length, thickness, and arc length of inner and outer arc fins on the thermal performance were analyzed considering the effects of different heat transfer coefficients. The results show that the preferred fins have less effect on the heat transfer coefficient enhanced thermal performance compared with the conventional fins; the average cell temperature is reduced by 3.14 K and 3.92 K respectively by increasing the fin coverage area and the number of transverse fins to increase the contact area with PCM to enhance heat dissipation; the average cell temperature changes more significantly with the inner arc fins, and the cell temperature of Case H6 was reduced by 7.2 K; while the transverse fin arc length extension reduced the thermal performance of the system in high temperature cases. The volume of system remained the same, and the thickness of the transverse fins decreased the heat storage capacity of the system when the thickness of the transverse fins was larger. The optimal fins could keep the average cell temperature within 318.15 K. The heat transfer capability was improved by 14.98%, the operating time was extended by 131.5%, and the system weight was reduced by 10.28%. [Display omitted] • 9 new branch metal fins are proposed to enhance the thermal performance of PCM. • The new branch fin structure can effectively reduce the cell temperature. • Coverage area, number, arc length, and thickness are key indices of transverse fins. • The inner and outer arc angles of fins greatly affect the heat transfer ability. • The new optimized branch fin structure better meets the lightweight design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, the cooling performance of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) was optimized based on the Z‐type parallel air cooling model and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Firstly, the effects of the distributed and convergent plenum angle on the cooling performance of the battery pack were analyzed. An air cooling BTMS experimental system was designed to verify the reliability of the CFD method. The results indicated that the DP with an angle had a positive impact on the heat dissipation performance of the BTMS. Next, the DP was divided into eight parts according to the number of batteries, and the angle of each part of DP was optimized respectively. Compared with the original model, the maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) of the optimal model were decreased by 3.81 K (7.50%) and 5.64 K (90.97%), respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the length and height of the manifolds on the heat dissipation effect was studied. Then, the cooling performances of the battery pack were optimized by adjusting the widths of the cooling channels and adding a spoiler in the cooling channel. Compared with the initial model, Tmax and ΔTmax of the optimal condition were decreased by 5.37 K (10.57%) and 5.74 K (92.58%), respectively. And the pressure drop was increased by 16.12 Pa, but it was within an acceptable range. Finally, the effects of different wind speeds and discharge rates on the cooling effect were discussed. The proposed thermal management method in this paper would provide a reference for designing a battery air cooling system in the future. Novelty Statement: The cooling performance of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) was optimized based on the Z‐type parallel air cooling model and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method.The optimization strategy of discussing DP angle in sections was proposed, which could accurately control the temperature of each battery.An air‐cooled BTMS experimental system was designed to verify the reliability of the CFD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-component domino reaction for the synthesis of naphtho[2,3- b ][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives has been established. Such strategy exhibited excellent substrate scope including various enaminones and aldehydes that afforded a series of multifunctionalized naphtho[2,3- b ][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives with 70–86% yields. The advantages of bond-forming efficiency, accessibility of starting materials, and water as sole byproducts provide invaluable access to biological 1,6-naphthyridines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of symmetrical and complex serpentine channel liquid cooling plate was proposed to address the problem of high temperature and poor temperature uniformity in square battery packs when discharging at high temperatures and high multipliers. Experiments were first conducted with an initial liquid cooling plate model for confirming dependability of the CFD method. In order to reduce the local high temperature in the liquid cooling plate and optimize pressure drop in the system, a method of optimisisation by adding internal secondary openings was introduced here. Then, a single-factor sensitivity analysis was conducted on the liquid cooling plate channel parameters. Several variables having a large effect on the average temperature and pressure drop of the liquid cooling plate were uesd as independent variables and the mean temperature and pressure drop of the liquid-cooled plate were used as targets for the multi-objective optimization of the channel structure. A new open Y-shaped fin was introduced on the basis of the multi-objective optimization solution to further improve the thermal performance of the liquid cooling plate. Using the orthogonal experimental method, the open Y fins were optimized to obtain the optimal model of the liquid-cooled plate. Introducing open Y-shaped fins to the liquid cooling plate could enhance its performance on a comprehensive level, and the optimal liquid cooling plate model decreased the average temperature from 46.7 °C to 44.2 °C, a decrease of 5.35%, compared with the initial liquid cooling plate model. The pressure drop decreases from 49.04 pa to 32.69 pa, a decrease of 33.34%. The results proved that the optimized liquid-cooled panels provide better cooling performance and higher energy efficiency. • Secondary openings effectively reduce localized high temperatures in cold plate. • Reciprocating channel structure design enhanced the heat dissipation of cold plate. • The addition of open Y-shaped fins in the channel improved cooling performance. • After optimization, the temperature and pressure drop were reduced by 5.35% and 33.34%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is cumbersome and computationally intensive in optimizing the battery thermal management system (BTMS), a comprehensive computational method of total thermal resistance and pressure loss of liquid-cooled battery thermal management system with coupled flow resistance model (FRM) and thermal resistance model (TRM) was proposed, so that the total thermal resistance (TTR) and pressure drop (ΔP) of liquid-cooled battery thermal management system under various operating conditions can be calculated concisely and quickly, and then the optimization of the structural parameters of liquid-cooled plates can be achieved quickly. First, the reliability of the CFD simulation was verified by liquid-cooled plate (LCP) experiments, and the reliability of the flow resistance-thermal resistance model was further verified by CFD simulation results. Then, the sensitivity of different mass flow rate and liquid cooling channel structure parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the thermal performance and system energy consumption of the cold plate were mainly influenced by the coolant mass flow rate (m) and the channel structure factors such as the bifurcation channel angle (α), channel width (b), channel height (h), and distance between bifurcation channels (d1, d4) of the cold plate. Finally, the Neighborhood Cultivation Genetic Algorithm (NCGA) was used to optimize the total thermal resistance (TTR) and pressure drop (ΔP) of the liquid-cooled plate with the above six parameters as design variables and the total thermal resistance (TTR) and pressure drop (ΔP) as objective functions. Compared to the model before optimization, the total thermal resistance (TTR) and pressure drop (ΔP) of the optimized cold plate were reduced by 0.2409 K/W and 8.7371 Pa, respectively. • A new method combining flow resistance and thermal resistance model was proposed. • Sensitivity analysis of the structural parameters of cold plate was carried out. • Optimal results can be obtained quickly by flow resistance-thermal resistance model. • The total thermal resistance and pressure drop are reduced by 0.2409 K/W and 8.7371 Pa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multicomponent two-step strategy for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one derivatives has been described. The reactions can be readily performed by mixing inexpensive starting materials using two-step methods under mild conditions, and the products can be easily obtained from the mother liquid without any further treatment. Moreover, the solid acid catalyst can be circulated at least 6 times without obvious deactivation. Furthermore, a mechanism for the reaction process has been proposed. Overall the bond forming efficiency, the use of green solvent as the reaction medium, recyclability of the solid acid catalyst, easy work-up/purification, and a wide substrate scope make this method highly attractive to assemble heterocyclic scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat dissipation capacity is of great importance object for the battery thermal management system (BTMS). To obtain a simple and efficient liquid cooling method for rectangular lithium-ion battery, three types of diamond channel (line, inner arc and outer arc) cold plate were established. Firstly, the temperature rise of line diamond microchannel cold plate under basic conditions were simulated. Then, an experimental device for measuring the surface temperatures of cold plate was designed, and the numerical simulation results were verified. The results showed that the errors between the avenge temperature (T avg) of experiment and simulation were between 0.66% and 2.1%, and the inner arc diamond-type channel cold plate had better cooling effectiveness. Then the effects of the connection form of the intermediate channel, structural parameters and the layout of the inlet and outlet on the cooling performance of the cold plate were discussed. The pressure drop (Δ P) and T avg of the best results reach 5.33Pa and 36.52 °C respectively. Compared with the initial condition, Δ P was decreased by 32.81Pa (86.03%) and T avg was decreased by 0.69 °C (1.9%). The above research results depict that the new diamond-shaped cold plate proposed in this paper could greatly enhance the cooling performance of the liquid-cooling system. • Three new types of diamond channel cold plate were designed. • The errors between experiments and CFD simulations were less than 2.1%. • The optimal internal channel structure parameters were obtained after optimization. • Δ P and T avg were decreased by 32.81Pa (86.03%) and 0.69 °C (1.9%) after optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and green domino approach for the synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives using a recoverable carbonaceous material as a catalyst has been established. The new domino reaction was conducted by reacting the readily available and inexpensive starting materials 2,6-diaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one, nitroolefin and aldehyde in water. A total of 24 examples were examined, and showed a broad substrate scope and high yields. The carbonaceous material catalyst can be reused at least 5 times without obvious deactivation. The proposed mechanism has explained the reaction process and the resulting high regio- and diastereoselectivities. The present green strategy shows attractive characteristics such as using water as a green medium, using an inexpensive and recoverable solid acid catalyst, and having a simple work-up/purification, without generating any waste products or using any metal promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient domino approach for the synthesis of new pyrano[4,3- b ]pyrazolo[4,3- e ]pyridin-5(1 H )-one derivatives has been developed using reusable sulfonic organic resin as catalyst in water. The unique feature of sulfonic organic resin makes the formation of pyrano[4,3- b ]pyrazolo[4,3- e ] pyridin-5(1 H )-ones be possible, and avoids generating ring opening products. The plausible mechanism for this domino reaction is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimal channel features were obtained by analyzing channel heat flow performance. • Improved cooling efficiency through agent model and algorithm optimization. • Arcing greatly improved the comprehensive performance of liquid cooled plates. • The optimized average temperature and pressure drop were reduced by 0.36°C and 132.43Pa. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is an important guarantee that the batteries of new energy vehicles work efficiently and safely, so it is particularly important to design a liquid cooling channel with good cooling performance and low power consumption. Based on 6 types of common local channel geometries (square, triangular, diamond, trapezoid, hexagonal, etc.), 24 types of liquid-cooled plate channel structures were proposed by adding V- and X-shaped differential flow channel inside. Analyzed the flow characteristics, pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of the 24 different types of liquid-cooled channels, to clarify the reasons for the differences in heat dissipation level and pressure drop of each type of micro channel, and to obtain the optimal channel types. For the structural parameters of the optimal channel types, the NSGA-II algorithm was used for multi-objective optimization. Compared to CFD simulation results, the relative errors were within 3%. To further improve the comprehensive performance of the liquid-cooled plate, the optimized model would be analyzed for channel arcing. The optimized results showed an average temperature reduction of 0.36°C (1.01%) and a pressure drop reduction of 132.43Pa (64.72%) compared to the base model. The optimal channel features obtained in this study will provide a reference for the selection of channel types and local feature optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of furo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized via the [3+2] cyclization of pyrimidine-4,6-diol and a variety of nitroolefins at catalyst-free conditions. The reaction is easy to perform simply mixing inexpensive starting materials in water under conventional heating at 90 °C. The reaction proceeds at a fast speed within 1.5–2 h and gives the high biological and pharmacological active substituent furo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives with good to high yields. Mechanism of formation of these furo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the heat transfer performance of the battery thermal management system, to obtain a more uniform temperature distribution and to achieve the lightweight design requirements, a new liquid cooling plate design approach with primary and secondary combined fins synergistic phase change materials and nanofluid is proposed in this paper. Based on the traditional square fins, 10 new improved fin design options are proposed in this paper. Firstly, the thermal and flow characteristics of the 10 new improved fins are compared and analyzed, and the optimization is carried out. Next, the optimal model is obtained by considering the primary fin size and introducing the secondary fins of the partitioned combination for optimization. Compared to the traditional square fins, the average temperature is reduced by 0.288 °C and the pressure drop is reduced by 1.287 Pa (17.42%). Then, based on the optimal model, the thermal performance of the combined filling method and thickness of PCM is discussed and analyzed for different Reynolds number conditions. The results indicated that the smaller the Reynolds number, the more significant the heat dissipation effect of the filled PCM. The optimal model with PCM filling reduces the mass by 41.4 g (68.86%) compared to the model without PCM, with significant lightweighting effect. Finally, to further improve the thermal performance of the system, different types of nanoparticles with different volume fractions are introduced into the system. Compared to pure water liquid cooling, the Nusselt number can be increased by 9% to 78%, and the heat dissipation effect is significantly improved. • Based on the traditional directional fins, 10 new and improved fins are proposed. • Thermal performance of the system was improved after introduction the secondary fins. • A new liquid cooling plate with PCM synergistic combination fins was proposed. • The mass of the optimal model after filling the PCM was reduced by 41.4 g (68.86%). • Nusselt number of system can be improved by 9% to 78% after introduction nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phase III study was conducted in moderate-to-severity plaque psoriasis patients. • SCT630 and adalimumab showed equivalences in efficacy and similar safety. • Switching from adalimumab to SCT630 did not impact safety or efficacy. This phase III study aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SCT630 with the reference adalimumab. A total of 367 Chinese patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were randomly assigned to receive 80 mg of SCT630 or adalimumab subcutaneously at week 1, 40 mg at week 2, then 40 mg biweekly. At week 16, those with 50 % or more improvement in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) were eligible to enter an extension period up to week 52. Patients on SCT630 continued the same treatment, whereas patients receiving adalimumab were re-randomized at a ratio of 1:1 to adalimumab or SCT630 group. The primary endpoint was percentage improvement in PASI at week 16. Other endpoints included PASI 50/75/90/100, Physician's Global Assessment, Dermatology Life Quality Index, safety, and immunogenicity. PASI improvement at week 16 was 85.07 % for SCT630 and 84.82 % for adalimumab. The mean difference (3.10 %, 95 % CI: −1.875 %, 8.066 %) was within the equivalence interval. Other efficacy endpoints, safety and immunogenicity profiles were similar across the two groups. There were no safety or immunogenicity difference between switched/continued groups. This phase III study demonstrated the equivalences in efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of SCT630 to adalimumab in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid acid-catalyzed cascade reaction of condensation/intermolecular nucleophilic addition/intramolecular cyclization, esterification and amination has been developed to rapidly construct complex polysubstituted indole compounds. This one-pot, three-step five-component cascade reaction affords a series of 2-(4-oxo-1,2-diphenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H -indol-3-yl) acetamide derivatives with good yield under mild conditions. The present procedure exhibited some attractive features, including inexpensive and easy available reagents, large substrate scope, separable intermediate products, recyclable solid acid catalyst, and more importantly, it can be conveniently performed by simple one-pot three-step procedure, involving the sequential mixture of 3-(arylamino)cyclohex-2-en-1-ones, 2,2-dihydroxy-1-arylethan-1-ones, meldrum acid, and alcohols, anilines in the of solid acid at 80 °C. Significantly, this strategy not only expands the application range of solid acid, but also provides a series of 2-(4-oxo-1,2-diphenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H -indol-3-yl)acetate/acetamide derivatives. [Display omitted] • A one-pot three-step reaction for the synthesis of indol-3-yl acetamides has been reported. • The reaction can be performed using recyclable solid acid as catalyst in water. • This chemistry provides a strategy to synthesize indol-3-yl acetates and indol-3-yl acetamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to the discovery of several susceptibility loci for leprosy with robust evidence, providing biological insight into the role of host genetic factors in mycobacterial infection. However, the identified loci only partially explain disease heritability, and additional genetic risk factors remain to be discovered. We performed a 3-stage GWAS of leprosy in the Chinese population using 8,313 cases and 16,017 controls. Besides confirming all previously published loci, we discovered six new susceptibility loci, and further gene prioritization analysis of these loci implicated BATF3, CCDC88B and CIITA-SOCS1 as new susceptibility genes for leprosy. A systematic evaluation of pleiotropic effects demonstrated a high tendency for leprosy susceptibility loci to show association with autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. Further analysis suggests that molecular sensing of infection might have a similar pathogenic role across these diseases, whereas immune responses have discordant roles in infectious and inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of nitroolefins and o -phenylenediamine with silica gel catalyst produced quinoxalines mainly in THF, but gave benzimidazoles efficiently in water. Such a solvent-dependent chemoselective reaction has prominent features of affording two cyclized products selectively with the same substrate, short reaction time, operational simplicity, as well as available starting materials and nontoxic catalysts. In addition, the scope and limitations were explored and a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The straight microchannel heat sink is relatively low in heat transfer efficiency due to the influence of the thermal boundary layer, and the thermal requirements of which may fail to be met under high heat flux conditions. In this paper, the fins were introduced to form a secondary channel to optimize the heat dissipation effect of the microchannel heat sink. Combined with CFD method, the structure parameters (the angle, lateral spacing and vertical spacing) and arrangement ways (the aligned, staggered) of internal fins in microchannel were analyzed. At the same time, CFD method is verified by experiments, and the relative errors are within 2%. Under the mass flow rate of 3.5 gs−1, compared with the straight microchannel heat sink, the maximum temperature and average temperature of optimized model are reduced by 3.04 K (6.67%), 2.86 K (6.75%), respectively. And the uniformity of temperature also is increased by 0.005 (8.47%). The pressure drop is reduced by 226.5 Pa (13.33%). At same time, the value of the performance evaluation can reach 1.285. In actual design and application, appropriate mass flow rate can be selected by the heating power to ensure the cooling effect of the microchannel heat sink and the power loss of the pump. • The structure and arrangement of internal fins in microchannel are analyzed. • CFD method is verified by experiments, and the maximum relative error is within 2%. • The increase of vertical spacing has little effect on the heat transfer performance. • Heat transfer performance and pressure drop are improved greatly after optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An efficient, solvent-free protocol for the asymmetric aldol reaction between aldehydes and ketones using prolinamides 1–4 as organocatalysts is reported. Catalysts 2–4, in the presence of TFA (the ratio of catalyst and TFA=1/1.5), proved to be excellent catalysts, giving the aldol products between aromatic aldehydes and ketones with nearly perfect diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >99:1 dr and >99% ee). This catalytic system can also be applied in the cross-aldol reaction of isatin with ketones and the Michael reaction between cyclohexane and nitroalkenes. A mechanism is proposed to account for the formation of the major enantiomer in this reaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We performed a genome-wide association study with 706 individuals with leprosy and 5,581 control individuals and replicated the top 24 SNPs in three independent replication samples, including a total of 3,301 individuals with leprosy and 5,299 control individuals from China. Two loci not previously associated with the disease were identified with genome-wide significance: rs2275606 (combined P = 3.94 × 10?14, OR = 1.30) on 6q24.3 and rs3762318 (combined P = 3.27 × 10?11, OR = 0.69) on 1p31.3. These associations implicate IL23R and RAB32 as new susceptibility genes for leprosy. Furthermore, we identified evidence of interaction between the NOD2 and RIPK2 loci, which is consistent with the biological association of the proteins encoded by these genes (NOD2-RIPK2 complex) in activating the NF-?B pathway as a part of the host defense response to infection. Our findings have expanded the biological functions of IL23R by uncovering its involvement in infectious disease susceptibility and suggest a potential involvement of autophagocytosis in leprosy pathogenesis. The IL23R association supports previous observations of the marked overlap of susceptibility genes for leprosy and Crohn's disease, implying common pathogenesis mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four new chiral organolanthanide amidate complexes have been readily prepared in good yields via silylamine elimination reaction between Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = Sm, Y, Yb) and chiral amidate ligands, (R)-2-(mesitoylamino)-2′-methoxy-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (1H) and (R)-2-(mesitoylamino)-2′-dimethylamino-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (2H). The steric effect of the ligand coupled with the size effect of the lanthanide ion plays an important role in complex formation. For example, treatment of 1H with half equiv of Sm[N(SiMe3)2]3 gives the C 2-symmetric bis-ligated amidate complex (σOMe:κO:κN-1)2SmN(SiMe3)2 (3) in 75% yield, while reaction of 1H or 2H with half equiv of Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = Y, Yb) affords the C 1-symmetric bis-ligated amidate complexes [(κO:κN-1)(σOMe:κO:κN-1)]LnN(SiMe3)2 (Ln = Y (4), Yb (5) and the C 1-symmetric mono-ligated amidate complex (σNMe2:κO:κN-2)Y[N(SiMe3)2]2 (6), respectively, in good yields. These organolanthanide amidate complexes have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analyses, and X-ray diffraction analyses. They are active catalysts for asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes and ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide, affording cyclic amines in excellent conversions with good ee values and isotactic-rich polylactides, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new series of organo-titanium complexes have been prepared from the reaction between Ti(NMe2)4 and C 2-symmetric ligands, (R,R)-11,12-bis(pyrrol-2-ylmethyleneamino)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene (1H2), and (R,R)-bis(diphenylthiophosphoramino)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene (2H2), (R,R)-11,12-bis(mesitylenesulphonylamino)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene (3H2) and (R,R)-bis(diphenylthiophosphoramino)-1,2-cyclohexane (4H2). Treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 with 1 equiv of 1H2 gives, after recrystallization from a benzene solution, the binuclear double helicate titanium amide (1)2[Ti(NMe2)2]2⋅(5) in 71% yield. While under similar reaction conditions, reaction of Ti(NMe2)4 with 1equiv of 2H2, 3H2 or 4H2 gives, after recrystallization from a toluene or benzene solution, the mononuclear single helicate titanium amides (2)Ti(NMe2)2 (6), (3)Ti(NMe2)2 (7) and (4)Ti(NMe2)2 (8), respectively, in good yields. All new compounds have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analyses. The solid-state structures of complexes 5–8 have further been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The titanium amides are active catalysts for the polymerization of rac-lactide, leading to the isotactic-rich polylactides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Five group 4 metal complexes (1)2Zr(NMe2)2 (5), (2)2Ti(NMe2)2 (6), (2)2Zr(NMe2)2 (7), (3)2Zr (8) and (4)2Ti(NMe2)2 (9) have been readily prepared from the reaction between M(NMe2)4 (M=Ti, Zr) and chiral binaphthyldiamine-based ligands, (R)-2,2′-bis(diphenylthiophosphoramino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (1H2), (R)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-2,2′-bis(diphenylthiophosphoramino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (2H2), (R)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-2,2′-bis(methanesulphonylamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (3H2), and C 1-symmetric ligand, (R)-2-(mesitylenesulphonylamino)-2′-(dimethylamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (4H). All the complexes have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction analyses. The zirconium amides are active catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, affording cyclic amines in good yields with moderate ee (enantiomeric excess) values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new series of titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) amides have been prepared from the reaction between M(NMe2)4 (M=Ti, Zr) and C 2-symmetric ligands, (R)-2,2′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (2H2), (R)-2,2′-bis(pyrrol-2-ylmethyleneamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (3H2), (R)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphinoylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (4H2), (R)-2,2′-bis(methanesulphonylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (5H2), (R)-2,2′-bis(p-toluenesulphonylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (6H2), and C 1-symmetric ligands, (R)-2-(diphenylthiophosphoramino)-2′-(dimethylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (7H) and (R)-2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-2′-(dimethylamino)-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (8H), which are derived from (R)-2,2′-diamino-6,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl. Treatment of M(NMe2)4 with 1 equiv. of N4-ligand, 2H2 or 3H2 gives, after recrystallization from an n-hexane solution, the chiral zirconium amides (2)Zr(NMe2)2 (9), (3)Zr(NMe2)2 (11), and titanium amide (3)Ti(NMe2)2 (10), respectively, in good yields. Reaction of Zr(NMe2)4 with 1 equiv of diphenylphosphoramide 4H2 affords the chiral zirconium amide (4)Zr(NMe2)2 (12) in 85% yield. Under similar reaction conditions, treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 with 1 equiv. of sulphonylamide ligand, 5H2 or 6H2 gives, after recrystallization from a toluene solution, the chiral titanium amides (5)Ti(NMe2)2·0.5C7H8 (13·0.5C7H8) and (6)Ti(NMe2)2 (15), respectively, in good yields, while reaction of Zr(NMe2)4 with 1 equiv. of 5H2 or 6H2 gives the bis-ligated complexes, (5)2Zr (14) and (6)2Zr (16). Treatment of M(NMe2)4 with 2 equiv. of diphenylthiophosphoramide ligand 7H or N3-ligand 8H gives, after recrystallization from a benzene solution, the bis-ligated chiral zirconium amides (7)2Zr(NMe2)2 (17) and (8)2Zr(NMe2)2 (19), and bis-ligated chiral titanium amide (8)2Ti(NMe2)2 (18), respectively, in good yields. All new compounds have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analyses. The solid-state structures of complexes 10, 12, 13, and 17–19 have further been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The zirconium amides are active catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, affording cyclic amines in good to excellent yields with moderate ee values, while the titanium amides are not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Background: Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited dermatosis and characterized by a mixture of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the back of hands and feet. The DSH locus was mapped to chromosome 1q21 and subsequently pathogenic mutations were identified in the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) gene in 2003. Objective: In this study, we performed a mutation analysis of the ADAR1 gene in eight Chinese families and one sporadic patient with typical DSH. Methods: PCR and direct sequencing of the ADAR1 gene were performed to identify and confirm the mutations in the eight families and the sporadic patient. Results: Six novel and one known mutations were identified, including four missense mutations (p.K1105N, p.G1047R, p.F1099L, p.G1068R), two frameshift mutations (p.Q779fs-792x, p.P441fs-463x) and one nonsense mutation (p.R1096x). Conclusion: Six novel mutations were found in five unrelated families and one sporadic case, which have further improved our understanding on the role of ADAR1 in DSH. Interestingly, we failed to detect any mutations of ADAR1 in two families. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A concise and efficient three-component domino strategy promoted by acetic acid has been established for the synthesis of novel spirocycloalkane fused pyrazolo[3,4- b pyridine-dicarbonitrile derivatives in 73–90% yields. The domino reaction is easy to perform by mixing 1 H -pyrazol-5-amines or isoxazol-5-amine, 2-arylidenemalononitriles, and cyclic ketones in the presence of acetic acid at 80 °C in 2–4 h. The present procedure shows attractive properties including inexpensive and easy starting materials, simple one-pot operation, large substrate scope, highly isolated yields, and easy purification process. This chemistry provides a promising synthetic strategy to construction of N -containing spirocycle skeleton with stereogenic centers. Image 1 • A reaction for synthesis of spirocycloalkane fused pyrazolo[3,4- b pyridines has been established. • The reaction can be finished within 2–4 h with water as sole byproduct. • This chemistry provides a strategy to construction of N -containing spirocycles with stereogenic center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin diseases continue to affect human health and cause a significant disease burden on the healthcare system.We aimed to report the changing trends in the burden of skin disease in China from 1990 to 2019, Which has an important role in developing targeted prevention strategies. We applied Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 analytical tools to calculate the age-standardized Prevalence and Incidence in 2019, number of years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs from 1990 to 2019 of skin and subcutaneous diseases, notifiable infectious skin diseases and skin tumors in China. Among the skin and subcutaneous diseases in China in 2019, dermatitis contributed to the greatest YLD (2.17 million, 95% uncertainty interval[UI]: 1.28–3.36). Age-standardized YLD rates for leprosy decreased from 0.09 (95%UI: 0.06–0.13) in 1990 to 0.04 (95%UI: 0.03–0.06) in 2019; the proportional decrease was 55.56% over 30 years. Age-standardized YLDs for HIV and sexually transmitted infections increased by 26% during the same time period. Age-standardized YLDs for non-melanoma skin cancer increased at a much higher rate than melanoma between 1990 and 2019. Dermatitis and scabies continue to have an important role in the burden of skin and subcutaneous disease burden in China. The burden of non-melanoma cell cancer has increased most significantly over the past three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two new chiral organoyttrium amidate complexes 1 -Y[N(SiMe3)2]2 ( 3 ) and 2 -Y[N(SiMe3)2]2·C6H12 ( 4 ·C6H12) have been readily prepared in good yields by silylamine elimination reaction between Y[N(SiMe3)2]3 and chiral binaphthyl-based amidate ligands, (R)-2,2′-bis(mesitoylamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (1) and (S)-2-(mesitoylamino)-2′-(dimethylamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (2), respectively. Complexes 2 and 3 have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analyses, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Complexes 3 and 4 are active catalysts for the polymerization of rac-lactide, leading to the isotactic-rich polylactides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective group 5 metal amide catalyst system is reported for the hydroaminoalkylation of secondary amines to give chiral amines in good yields with excellent ee values (up to 93%) by loading of 5% precatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective group 5 metal amide catalyst system is reported for the hydroaminoalkylation of secondary amines to give chiral amines in good yields with excellent ee values (up to 93%) by loading of 5% precatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective group 5 metal amide catalyst system is reported for the hydroaminoalkylation of secondary amines to give chiral amines in good yields with excellent ee values (up to 93%) by loading of 5% precatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly enantioselective group 5 metal amide catalyst system is reported for the hydroaminoalkylation of secondary amines to give chiral amines in good yields with excellent ee values (up to 93%) by loading of 5% precatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential role of an imbalance between two types of immune cells, cTfr and cTfh cells, in the development of pemphigus, a skin disease. The study found that patients with pemphigus had higher levels of cTfh cells and lower levels of cTfr cells compared to healthy individuals. This imbalance was associated with the production of specific antibodies and the severity of the disease. The study suggests that targeting the cTfr/cTfh cell ratio could be a potential treatment approach for pemphigus. [Extracted from the article]

Granuloma faciale (GF) is a rare inflammatory skin disorder of unknown etiology, which can cause severe cosmetic impairment.[1] GF presents as asymptomatic, solitary or multiple, erythematous nodules and/or plaques, nearly always limited to the face.[[1], [3]] Due to delayed diagnosis, with delays of up to 15 years reported, the disease may gradually/eventually progress to disseminated or extrafacial GF.[2] Herein, we report an unusual case of GF with extensive lesions (covering 70% of the facial area) and extrafacial involvement, a condition which has rarely been described. Granuloma faciale (GF) is an idiopathic cutaneous disorder of unknown etiology, predominantly affecting the face but may infrequently appear on the trunk, scalp, or extremities.[1] GF usually manifests as localized, well-delimited plaques and nodules at one single site. This suggests that it is still necessary to increase vigilance against the disease and perform skin biopsies on any chronic erythematous plaques or nodules for early diagnosis, so as to avoid the serious consequences of disease progression. [Extracted from the article]

A flexible and efficient three-component reaction has been established for the synthesis of bioactive 1,6-naphthyridine-2,5-diones by using low-cost and readily accessible aminopyridinones, aromatic aldehydes, and Meldrum's acid as starting materials. The main advantage of this synthetic method is that the yields of the resulting 1,6-naphthyridine-2,5-dione derivatives under ultrasound irradiation in water with acetic acid as catalyst are higher than those from the classical-heating method. The probable reaction mechanism indicates that the process involves a Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, and cyclization sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the skin epidermis, and they not only protect the skin from the influence of external physical factors but also function as an immune barrier against microbial invasion. However, little is known regarding the immune defence mechanisms of keratinocytes against mycobacteria. Here, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) on skin biopsy samples from patients with Mycobacterium marinum infection and bulk RNA sequencing (bRNA‐seq) on M. marinum‐infected keratinocytes in vitro. The combined analysis of scRNA‐seq and bRNA‐seq data revealed that several genes were upregulated in M. marinum‐infected keratinocytes. Further in vitro validation of these genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assay confirmed the induction of IL‐32 in the immune response of keratinocytes to M. marinum infection. Immunohistochemistry also showed the high expression of IL‐32 in patients' lesions. These findings suggest that IL‐32 induction is a possible mechanism through which keratinocytes defend against M. marinum infection; this could provide new targets for the immunotherapy of chronic cutaneous mycobacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection is an increasingly infectious disease presenting unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in time to treatment among patients with different types of skin lesions and who were treated with single or multidrug therapies. In addition, the clinical characteristics of M. marinum infection were explored and the mechanism of the host immune responses was investigated. The electronic medical records of 35 patients with M. marinum infection were reviewed. The clinical characteristics, histopathological and laboratory data, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to clarify the immune mechanisms induced by M. marinum infection in 9 patients and 5 healthy controls. Of the 35 patients, 25 (71.4%) had lesions with sporotrichoid patterns. The duration of patients with sporotrichoid lesions or treatment with multiple drugs was longer, although differences were not significant, possibly due to the small cohort. However, this trend was also observed in previous studies, making it worthy of further attention. Expression levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-9, and FOXP3) were significantly upregulated in the patient specimens, whereas there were no significant differences in IL-17 and IL-22 expression levels between the patient and control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonaceous material is recyclable, cost-effective, and environmentally benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: M. leprae preferentially infects Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nerves leading to nerve damage and irreversible disability. Knowledge of how M. leprae infects and interacts with host SCs is essential for understanding mechanisms of nerve damage and revealing potential new therapeutic strategies. Methodology/Principal findings: We performed a time-course single-cell sequencing analysis of SCs infected with M. leprae at different time points, further analyzed the heterogeneity of SCs, subpopulations associated with M. leprae infection, developmental trajectory of SCs and validated by Western blot or flow cytometry. Different subpopulations of SCs exhibiting distinct genetic features and functional enrichments were present. We observed two subpopulations associated with M. leprae infection, a stem cell-like cell subpopulation increased significantly at 24 h but declined by 72 h after M. leprae infection, and an adipocyte-like cell subpopulation, emerged at 72 h post-infection. The results were validated and confirmed that a stem cell-like cell subpopulation was in the early stage of differentiation and could differentiate into an adipocyte-like cell subpopulation. Conclusions/Significance: Our results present a systematic time-course analysis of SC heterogeneity after infection by M. leprae at single-cell resolution, provide valuable information to understand the critical biological processes underlying reprogramming and lipid metabolism during M. leprae infection of SCs, and increase understanding of the disease-causing mechanisms at play in leprosy patients as well as revealing potential new therapeutic strategies. Author summary: Leprosy remains a key public health concern for WHO, particularly affecting the poorest and most disadvantaged sectors of society in the world's least developed countries. The exploration of the mechanism of leprosy nerve injury in order to prevent the occurrence of deformity and disability has aroused great interest and extensive attention of scientists. Although some achievements have been made, as a critical phase for the propagation of M. leprae, events occurring during the early stage of M. leprae infection of human SCs are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate SC heterogeneity and biomarkers in different M. leprae infectious stages at a single cell resolution. We established that a stem cell-like cell subpopulation was in the early stage of differentiation and could differentiate into an adipocyte-like cell subpopulation. This research provides a novel perspective on the dynamic process of host cell differentiation and metabolism regulated by M. leprae and thus increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying the causes of disability in leprosy patients as well as identifying potential new therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thus far, domino‐based reactions have received a great deal of attention as a step‐and atom‐economic route toward the synthesis of a plethora of heterocyclic molecules. In this work, we disclose a catalyst‐free domino procedure for rapid synthesis of 3‐substituted 6‐methyl‐1,2‐diarylpyrano[4,3‐b]pyrrol‐4(1H)‐one compound in water at 80°C, accompanied by multiple C‐H/C‐O bond cleavage and C‐C and C‐N bond formation. This approach is characterized by its mild reaction conditions, convenient separation, high tolerance of functional groups, and easily available starting materials, thereby offering a green and efficacious strategy for the design and synthesis of pyrano[4,3‐b]pyrrol‐4(1H)‐one derivatives by domino reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concise and efficient addition reaction of alcohol to β -nitrostyrene promoted by Y(OTf) 3 has been established for the synthesis of β -nitroether derivatives. The present approach shows attractive properties, such as the high efficiency of catalyst, operational simplicity, and the tolerance of a wide range of functional groups. This strategy not only provides a variety of β -nitroethers but also expands the scope of application of early transition metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "An Efficient and Mild Synthesis of Tetrahydro-4H-indol-4-one Derivatives via a Domino Reaction in Water" by F. Zhang and others, published in the periodical "Synthesis" in 2013.

The catalyst is also applied to nitro Michael reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile synthesis of novel 3-functionalized pyridine derivatives has been accomplished through the reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-benzoylpyridin-2(1H)-ones and β-nitrostyrenes in the presence of catalytic amount of pyrrolidine (10 mol%). In this process, the desired products were obtained with 72–87% yields using ethanol as solvent at 80 °C for 4 h. In addition, a total of 19 examples were obtained, which exhibited the broad substrate scope of the transformation. The reaction process may involve the formation of an unstable enamine intermediate and then undergo hydrolysis to afford 4-hydroxy-3-benzoylpyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment and curative effect evaluation of localized scleroderma (LS) still perplexes many clinical workers. Purpose: To investigate the efficiacy of methotrexate in the treatment of LS by the evaluation of ultrasonography. Methods: A prospective study enrolled 10 patients treated with MTX for at least 6 months was conducted. Treatment outcome was evaluated by a clinical score and 15‐MHz ultrasonography. Safety assessment included the monitoring of adverse drug reactions and clinical laboratory examinations. Results: Eight of the 10 patients achieved clinical remission only with MTX. One patient was relieved after MTX combined with corticosteroids, while another one does not improve after the treatment of mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. The effective rate of MTX is 80%. Nine patients were significantly improved with a decrease of the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (the mean score of the LoSCAT cutaneous activity dropped from 5.2 to 1.0, p < 0.001, the mean score of the LS cutaneous damage dropped from 4.3 to 2.3, p = 0.002). The average difference of thickness between skin lesions and normal skin evaluated by ultrasonography decreased from 0.13 cm to 0.04 cm (p = 0.009) in eight patients. No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion: Methotrexate is a safe and effective treatment for patients with LS. Ultrasonography can be considered as an efficient assessment tool for evaluation LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 immune response refers to a complicated series of immune responses characterized by Th2 polarization and Th2 cytokines secretion. The IgE secretion, airway hypersensitivity, and effector cell recruitment (eosinophils, mast cells, basophils) in skin lesion and peripheral blood stream could be upregulated during the activation of type 2 immune response. Th1/Th2 ratio, also referred as Th1/Th2 balance, represent the T lymphocytes immune pattern to a certain degree: Th1‐dominated responses are often involved in intracellular infections (e.g., mycobacterium tuberculosis) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., Graves' disease) while Th2‐dominated responses are involved in allergic conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, eczema), IgE mediated diseases (e.g., urticaria), and fibrotic dermatoses (e.g., keloids). Dupilumab, as one of the most widely applied Th2 cytokine inhibitors, could block the bioactivity of IL‐14/IL‐13 via competitively binding to the common IL‐4Rα subunit shared by IL‐4 and IL‐13 receptors. In addition to the direct inhibition of type 2 response, dupilumab is also effective in autoimmune and some infectious skin diseases through indirect regulation of type 1 immune response. The pathological mechanism of Th2 responses and advanced clinical application of dupilumab in skin diseases will be summarized and discussed in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We observed a remarkable response to spesolimab with an almost resolution of pustules in 12 h in one patient (Figure 1), two patients achieved resolution of pustules in 24 h, one patient is in 48 h, one patient is in 96 h. It is important to point out that PV lesions appeared in two out of the five patients (patient 3 and patient 4) during the observation period after the resolution of pustules. Patient 3 was treated with acitretin 30 mg twice daily orally and patient 4 treated with methotrexate 10 mg once weekly orally to treat the PV lesions after 4 weeks of spesolimab therapy. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we prepared a series of 5‐alkyl‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐arylfuro[3,2‐c]pyridin‐4(5H)‐one derivatives via the reaction of 1‐substitued 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones with various nitrostyrenes using triethylamine as catalyst. This strategy not only provided various new 5‐alkyl‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐arylfuro[3,2‐c]pyridin‐4(5H)‐ones, but also expanded the scope of application of active intermediate nitrostyrenes. Meanwhile, this method has the advantages of inexpensive and easily available starting materials, step economy, metal‐free catalytic system, good to excellent yields and operational simplicity. A total of 22 heterocyclic compounds were obtained to exhibit a broad substrate scope of the strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus are benign proliferative lesions that occur at any ages in human lives. Updated, comprehensive and systematic evidence‐based guidelines to guide clinical practice are urgently needed. Methods: We collaborated with multidisciplinary experts to formulate this guideline based on evidences of already published literature, focusing on 13 clinical questions elected by a panel of experts. We adopted Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to form classification of recommendations as well as the improved Delphi method to retain respective recommendations with a consensus degree of over 80%. Results: Our guideline covered aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous warts such as diagnostic gold standard, transmission routes, laboratory tests, treatment principle, clinical cure criterion, definitions, and treatments of common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, condyloma acuminatum, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Recommendations about special population such as children and pregnant women are also listed. In total, 49 recommendations have been obtained. Conclusions: It is a comprehensive and systematic evidence‐based guideline and we hope this guideline could systematically and effectively guide the clinical practice of cutaneous warts and improve the overall levels of medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]