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A retrospective analysis of 21 patients conducted between 2020 and 2023 described a case of grade 1 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in a patient with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patient was receiving treatment with blinatumomab, cytarabine, inotuzumab-ozogamicin, and methotrexate. The specific details of the treatment, such as dosages, routes, duration, and outcome, were not provided in the analysis. However, it was noted that the patient developed grade 1 CRS as a result of the combination of these drugs. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses three cases of patients who developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment for various conditions. The first case involves a 59-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who experienced CRS after receiving tisagenlecleucel. Despite treatment with various medications, his condition did not improve until he was given anakinra. The second case involves a 71-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma who developed CRS after receiving axicabtagene ciloleucel. She was treated with dexamethasone and tocilizumab. The third case involves a 15-year-old boy with relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who experienced CRS after receiving tisagenlecleucel. Despite initial treatment with paracetamol and hydrocortisone, his condition worsened and he was eventually treated with tocilizumab. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective study, one patient was found to have a lack of efficacy when treated with dexamethasone for cytokine release syndrome. The patient had viral lower respiratory tract infections and developed cytokine release syndrome as a result. Despite receiving treatment with intravenous dexamethasone, there was no response, leading to a switch to methylprednisolone. This study highlights the potential limitations of dexamethasone in treating cytokine release syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A 74-year-old woman with central nervous system-relapsed mantle cell lymphoma experienced grade 1 cytokine release syndrome and grade 2 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome during treatment with brexucabtagene-autoleucel. She also showed a lack of efficacy with various other treatments, including rituximab, ibrutinib, methotrexate, cytarabine, dexamethasone, and tocilizumab. Despite these challenges, the woman achieved complete remission of mantle cell lymphoma after treatment with brexucabtagene-autoleucel. [Extracted from the article]

A 44-year-old man with relapsed multiple myeloma experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while being treated with teclistamab. He also showed lack of efficacy with thalidomide. The patient had a history of acute renal failure and hypercalcemia and had previously undergone various treatments, including stem cell transplantations and maintenance therapy with lenalidomide. After receiving teclistamab, he developed grade 1 CRS but continued treatment and eventually achieved a stringent complete response. [Extracted from the article]

A man with refractory stage IVB mantle cell lymphoma exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with rituximab and ibrutinib. Despite previous treatments and autologous stem cell transplant, his lymphoma continued to progress. He underwent CAR-T-cell therapies, which resulted in complications including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Post-treatment, he developed sclerosing cholangitis and his condition worsened, leading to a transition to comfort care. [Extracted from the article]

A 40-year-old woman experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin. She underwent a kidney transplant and received antithymocyte globulin along with Solumedrol. However, she developed respiratory failure and required reintubation. She also experienced hypotension, bradycardia, acute kidney injury, and worsening respiratory status. The woman was diagnosed with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and grade 4 CRS. She was treated with tocilizumab, which improved her condition, and eventually discharged with normal lung and kidney function. [Extracted from the article]

A 44-year-old man with relapsed multiple myeloma experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while being treated with teclistamab. He also showed lack of efficacy with thalidomide. The patient had a history of acute renal failure and hypercalcemia and had previously undergone various treatments, including stem cell transplantations and maintenance therapy with lenalidomide. After receiving teclistamab, he developed grade 1 CRS but continued treatment and eventually achieved a stringent complete response. [Extracted from the article]

A man with refractory stage IVB mantle cell lymphoma exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with rituximab and ibrutinib. Despite previous treatments and autologous stem cell transplant, his lymphoma continued to progress. He underwent CAR-T-cell therapies, which resulted in complications including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Post-treatment, he developed sclerosing cholangitis and his condition worsened, leading to a transition to comfort care. [Extracted from the article]

A 40-year-old woman experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin. She underwent a kidney transplant and received antithymocyte globulin along with Solumedrol. However, she developed respiratory failure and required reintubation. She also experienced hypotension, bradycardia, acute kidney injury, and worsening respiratory status. The woman was diagnosed with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and grade 4 CRS. She was treated with tocilizumab, which improved her condition, and eventually discharged with normal lung and kidney function. [Extracted from the article]

A 74-year-old man with multiple myeloma (MM) experienced cytokine release syndrome while being treated with idecabtagen-vicleucel. He also showed lack of efficacy with pomalidomide, daratumumab, carfilzomib, and venetoclax. The patient had been diagnosed with lambda light chain (LC) MM and had undergone various treatments, including plasmapheresis, induction therapy, stem cell transplantation, and second-line therapy. Despite these interventions, disease progression continued. CAR T-cell therapy was planned, but the patient developed cytokine release syndrome as a side effect of idecabtagen-vicleucel therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A study reported a case of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in a patient with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who was treated with lisocabtagene-maraleucel. The patient experienced grade 3 CRS, but the duration of treatment and outcome were not specified. The study included a total of 20 patients treated between September 2021 and March 2022, but no further details about these patients were provided. [Extracted from the article]

A 74-year-old man with multiple myeloma (MM) experienced cytokine release syndrome while being treated with idecabtagen-vicleucel. He also showed lack of efficacy with pomalidomide, daratumumab, carfilzomib, and venetoclax. The patient had been diagnosed with lambda light chain (LC) MM and had undergone various treatments, including plasmapheresis, induction therapy, stem cell transplantation, and second-line therapy. Despite these interventions, disease progression continued. CAR T-cell therapy with idecabtagen-vicleucel was initiated, but the patient developed cytokine release syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A study reported a case of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in a patient with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who was treated with lisocabtagene-maraleucel. The patient experienced grade 3 CRS, but the duration of treatment and outcome were not specified. The study included 20 patients treated between September 2021 and March 2022, but no further details about the other patients were provided. [Extracted from the article]

A man in his 40s experienced lack of efficacy while being treated for multiple myeloma with various drugs, including bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. He also developed cytokine release syndrome and bone marrow suppression during off-label treatment with idecabtagene-vicleucel for heart failure. Despite these complications, the man's heart failure improved after receiving unspecified nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. During a one-year follow-up, he achieved a complete response with minimal residual disease, but an anomalous left coronary artery was suspected. [Extracted from the article]

A 65-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the cardia developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while being treated with nivolumab, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. He also experienced lack of efficacy with sodium-chloride while being treated for hypotension. The patient presented with fever, shivering, tachycardia, and hypoxemia, and was diagnosed with pulmonary sepsis and possible diffuse interstitial lung disease. He developed additional symptoms including nausea, rash, and acute kidney injury. The patient's symptoms eventually resolved after treatment with methylprednisolone, dexchlorpheniramine, norepinephrine, ceftazidime, vancomycin, and hydrocortisone. It was concluded that the patient experienced nivolumab, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin-induced CRS, which led to multiple organ failure. [Extracted from the article]

A 25-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) developed chylothorax, a condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the chest cavity, as a result of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with welgenaleucel. The patient had a history of various treatments for DLBCL, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. After receiving welgenaleucel, he experienced symptoms such as fatigue, diarrhea, and high fever, and was diagnosed with grade 3 CRS. Treatment with tocilizumab, a medication that targets IL-6, led to significant improvement in his symptoms. The patient was discharged in stable condition and achieved complete remission of DLBCL. The CRS and chylothorax were determined to be a result of welgenaleucel treatment. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses two case reports of women with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Richter syndrome (RS) who experienced cytokine release syndrome and lack of efficacy during treatment with various antineoplastic drugs. The first patient received RCHOP regimen, brentuximab-vedotin, and CAR-T cell therapy, while the second patient received ibrutinib, venetoclax, obinutuzumab, RCHOP regimen, and CAR-T cell therapy. Both patients experienced cytokine release syndrome and were treated with tocilizumab. The first patient achieved complete remission, while the second patient achieved partial response and underwent stem cell transplantation. [Extracted from the article]

A 68-year-old man with synovial sarcoma exhibited a lack of efficacy during treatment with eribulin, gemcitabine, and docetaxel. Despite undergoing resection of a tumor in his left leg and receiving eribulin treatment for 10 months, the patient experienced rapid tumor growth in his right seventh rib and left leg. He later received TCR-T therapy and radiation therapy, but disease progression was observed. Gemcitabine and docetaxel treatment also proved ineffective. The patient ultimately passed away 10 months after the diagnosis of disease progression. [Extracted from the article]

A 6-year-old boy with juvenile idiopathic arthritis exhibited a lack of efficacy during treatment with methylprednisolone and anakinra. He experienced daily fever, multiple arthritis, cervical lymphadenopathy, evanescent skin rash, and elevated inflammatory markers. Despite receiving IV methylprednisolone and SC anakinra, his condition worsened, leading to intubation due to status epilepticus. He was later diagnosed with macrophage activation syndrome and cytokine storm, and his treatment was adjusted to include off-label IV anakinra, ciclosporin, and plasmapheresis. With this new treatment, his condition improved, and he was eventually discharged from the hospital. [Extracted from the article]

A 77-year-old man with multiple myeloma developed immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and parkinsonism during treatment with idecabtagene-vicleucel. He initially experienced grade 1 CRS, which was treated with tocilizumab. On day 23, he developed ICANS, characterized by tremor and gait impairment. Neurological examination revealed parkinsonism symptoms. Treatment with dexamethasone led to improvement in symptoms, and by day 90, all neurological symptoms had resolved. [Extracted from the article]

A 39-year-old man experienced grade 2 mucositis and grade 2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while being treated for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with relmacabtagene-autoleucel. He also had a lack of efficacy with various other treatments for follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Despite these complications, he eventually achieved complete metabolic remission after receiving relmacabtagene-autoleucel and maintenance therapy with ibrutinib. [Extracted from the article]

A 45-year-old woman experienced myelodysplasia, trilinear cytopenia, and cytokine release syndrome while being treated with tisagenlecleucel for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cells lymphoma. She also showed lack of efficacy during treatment with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, bendamustine, methotrexate, and erythropoietin for low-grade lymphoma or anemia. The woman underwent autologous stem cell transplantation and received CAR-T therapy with tisagenlecleucel infusion. She experienced complications such as cytokine release syndrome and grade 4 trilinear cytopenia, but eventually achieved complete remission of the lymphoma. However, she developed myelodysplasia secondary to tisagenlecleucel and experienced persistent cytopenia, although it improved over time. [Extracted from the article]

A 49-year-old man with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with rituximab, methotrexate, and cytarabine. After starting treatment with rituximab and methotrexate, new lesions were found on a cranial MRI, indicating disease progression. The treatment was then switched to cytarabine, but after 13 days, a cranial CT showed further lack of efficacy. The patient was subsequently treated with lenalidomide, ibrutinib, whole-brain radiation therapy, camrelizumab, CAR-T therapy, decitabine, cyclophosphamide, and fludarabine. He developed cytokine releasing syndrome but eventually achieved complete remission and is currently receiving maintenance therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical analysis involving 10 patients with acute B-lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) found that two patients developed seizures or cytokine release syndrome during treatment with belimumab (belintoumab). One patient experienced grade 2 seizures, while the other patient experienced grade 2 cytokine release syndrome. The analysis did not provide information on the patients' age, sex, dosages, routes of administration, duration of treatment, or outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A 57-year-old woman developed asthma while being treated with atezolizumab and catequentinib for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. She had no history of asthma, allergies, or smoking, and no family history of hereditary disease, asthma, or tumors. The woman's tumor size decreased significantly after four cycles of treatment, but she experienced severe dyspnea before the 12th cycle. Tests revealed bronchial mucosal congestion, edema, and secretions, as well as increased IgE levels and eosinophil counts. She was diagnosed with asthma secondary to the treatment and started receiving medication, which improved her symptoms. Her tumor status remained stable, and she had no systemic metastases. [Extracted from the article]

A 9-year-old boy with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) received anti-GD2-chimeric-antigen-receptor-T-cell-therapy-Sinobioway-Cell-Therapy and prostate-specific-membrane-antigen-CAR-T-cell-therapy-Shanghai-Bioray-Laboratory-Inc. After the first infusion, he developed grade-II cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which improved with treatment. He later experienced grade-I CRS after subsequent infusions, but it resolved on its own. The boy's symptoms completely relieved after the first CAR-T-cell-therapy infusion, but the tumor recurred after 688 days. He received chemotherapy and another infusion of anti-GD2-chimeric-antigen-receptor-T-cell-therapy-Sinobioway-Cell-Therapy, which controlled his fever and reduced the new tumor. He is currently being monitored. [Extracted from the article]

A man in his 40s with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experienced lack of efficacy with dasatinib treatment. He then received brexucabtagene-autoleucel and developed cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome, which resolved. The patient later showed improvement in ALL and underwent a second allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. [Extracted from the article]

This article from Reactions Weekly describes four cases of patients with multiple myeloma who experienced various toxicities while being treated with teclistamab. The toxicities included cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neutropenia, acute kidney injury, and sclerouveitis. In one case, the patient developed neutropenia and grade 3 sclerouveitis, while in another case, the patient developed CRS. Treatment with tocilizumab was effective in improving CRS symptoms. The article concludes that these toxicities were considered to be secondary to teclistamab. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective study examined 39 adults with multiple myeloma who were treated with teclistamab between October 2022 and June 2023. Three patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) as a result of the treatment. The patients experienced varying grades of CRS and ICANS and were admitted to the hospital. However, all patients were able to complete the teclistamab treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 26-year-old man with recurrent classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS), haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like syndrome, and diabetic ketoacidosis while being treated with brentuximab-vedotin and nivolumab. Despite receiving various treatments, including tocilizumab, etoposide, and dexamethasone, the patient exhibited a lack of efficacy. His condition worsened, and he ultimately died due to CRS and HLH-like syndrome. Autopsy results did not show clear tissue evidence of haemophagocytes. [Extracted from the article]

In a cohort study of 603 patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), two patients experienced serious adverse events while receiving treatment with idecabtagene-vicleucel. One patient developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and the other experienced tumor lysis. Unfortunately, both patients died as a result of these complications. The specific details of the patients' ages, sexes, dosages, and routes of administration were not provided in the article. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective study was conducted on patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM) who were treated with teclistamab. The study found that some patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and various infections such as Pseudomonas pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and sepsis from a urinary source. In some cases, treatment with dexamethasone and tocilizumab for CRS did not show efficacy. Unfortunately, one patient died from a hospital-acquired infection. [Extracted from the article]

In a study of 23 patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (R/R MCL), two patients developed cytokine release syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after receiving treatment with brexucabtagene-autoleucel. The patients had previously received unspecified treatments and leukapheresis. One patient experienced Grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome, while the other developed grade 5 multiple organ dysfunction syndrome on day 20 after the infusion. The specific details of the treatment, dosages, and outcomes were not provided in the article. [Extracted from the article]

In a study involving 20 adult patients, one patient developed cytokine release syndrome while receiving blinatumomab as bridge therapy for B-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient had a low leukemia burden and started receiving blinatumomab at a dose of 8 µg/day, which was gradually increased to 28 µg/day over 5-10 days. The patient experienced grade 2 cytokine release syndrome and later underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective analysis of 25 patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) found that one patient developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with polatuzumab-vedotin, bendamustine, and rituximab. The patient underwent leukapheresis and received bridging chemotherapy with the aforementioned drugs. However, they experienced grade 3 or worse CRS as a result of the treatment. The specific details regarding dosages, routes, durations of treatments, and the patient's outcome were not provided. [Extracted from the article]

A study involving 185 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or relapsed refractory multiple myeloma found that some patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell-associated neurologic syndromes (ICANS) or experienced lack of efficacy during treatment with ciltacabtagene-autoleucel, tisagenlecleucel, or axicabtagene-ciloleucel. Among the six patients mentioned in the study, four had NHL and one had RRMM. Two patients who received axicabtagene-ciloleucel developed CRS, one patient developed ICANS attributed to axicabtagene-ciloleucel, one patient died due to NHL progression indicating lack of efficacy to axicabtagene-ciloleucel, and one patient developed ICANS attributed to tisagenlecleucel. The remaining patient with RRMM who received ciltacabtagene-autoleucel developed ciltacabtagene-autoleucel-induced ICANS. [Extracted from the article]

In a real-world experience in Sweden, a patient with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with teclistamab. The patient also showed a lack of efficacy when given prophylactic treatment with paracetamol, dexamethasone, and an unspecified antihistamine for CRS. The patient was hospitalized and received step-up doses of teclistamab, but despite prophylactic treatment, developed grade 2 CRS. The teclistamab treatment was discontinued and the patient was treated with tocilizumab, which eventually resolved the CRS. The patient was able to resume teclistamab treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 50-year-old man with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and central nervous system (CNS) involvement experienced lack of efficacy with ibrutinib and lenalidomide. He later developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) while being treated with brexucabtagene-autoleucel for MCL with CNS involvement. Despite previous treatments and a relapse, the patient achieved a complete response after receiving fludarabine and cyclosphosphamide lymphodepletion followed by brexucabtagene-autoleucel infusion. The patient's MCL with CNS involvement improved and he achieved a complete response. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventIn a study, et al. 57-year-old man was described, who exhibited a lack of efficacy during treatment with folinic acid, fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, nivolumab, irinotecan and ramucirumab for metastatic gastric cancer. Subsequently, he developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with CT-041 for metastatic gastric cancer [not all routes and dosages stated; duration of treatment to reaction onset not stated]. [Extracted from the article]

A 51-year-old woman with Ig-G-K multiple myeloma (MM) developed COVID-19 Omicron variant infection and pulmonary aspergillosis while undergoing treatment for her condition. She was receiving multiple drugs, including bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, lenalidomide, carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and daratumumab. She also received tocilizumab for cytokine release syndrome. Despite being vaccinated with tozinameran for COVID-19, she experienced vaccine failure. Additionally, treatments with remdesivir, molnupiravir, and cilgavimab/tixagevimab for COVID-19 Omicron variant infection did not show efficacy. The outcomes of these events were not specified. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective study of 329 patients with aggressive B cell lymphoma, two adult patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with tisagenlecleucel or axicabtagene-ciloleucel. Both patients ultimately died as a result of CRS. The study does not provide specific information about the routes, dosages, or duration of the treatments that led to the onset of CRS. [Extracted from the article]

A 14-year-old boy developed respiratory failure due to idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) secondary to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with tisagenlecleucel for pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The boy had undergone various transplant-related complications, but achieved complete remission after receiving tisagenlecleucel. However, he developed grade 2 CRS and subsequently experienced symptoms of pneumonia. Despite treatment, his condition worsened and he developed shock. A diagnosis of IPS was made and he received treatment that improved his clinical status, but he later experienced relapse of his leukemia and died. It was concluded that CRS associated with tisagenlecleucel had led to IPS and consequent respiratory failure, which further caused shock. [Extracted from the article]

Two case reports describe patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma who developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) after receiving outpatient teclistamab step-up dosing. The first patient experienced grade 1 CRS and grade 1 ICANS, while the second patient had grade 2 CRS. Both patients were admitted for observation and management, and were treated with tocilizumab and dexamethasone. After treatment, both patients experienced prompt resolution of CRS/ICANS and were able to complete the step-up dosing without recurrence of the toxicities. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective review of electronic medical records identified five patients who developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with CAR T-cell therapy for various types of lymphoma and leukemia. The patients experienced tuberculosis in different organs, including the lungs, central nervous system, mediastinal lymph nodes, subcutaneous tissue, and bone. They also exhibited lack of efficacy with certain tuberculosis treatments. The cases highlight the potential toxicities and lack of efficacy associated with CAR T-cell therapy and other drugs used in the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia. [Extracted from the article]

A case report describes the treatment and subsequent complications experienced by a 17-year-old boy with Burkitt lymphoma. The patient received multiple rounds of CAR-T cell therapy, which resulted in cytokine release syndrome. Despite additional treatments, including allogeneic CAR-T therapy and bone marrow transplantation, the patient experienced persistent bone marrow failure and recurrent infections. The efficacy of certain medications, such as ciclosporin, hydrocortisone, mycophenolate-mofetil, and ruxolitinib, was found to be lacking in preventing graft versus host disease. The report concludes that the cytokine release syndrome was attributed to the various CAR-T cell therapies administered. [Extracted from the article]

A 21-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukemia developed COVID-19 pneumonia and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) while receiving immunosuppressive treatment for graft versus host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. Despite off-label treatment with various medications, including azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, hydrocortisone, and tocilizumab, the patient did not respond well. He eventually developed macrophage activation syndrome and CRS, but was successfully treated with dexamethasone, immune globulin, and ruxolitinib. The use of immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, and mycophenolate mofetil was believed to have contributed to the development of COVID-19 pneumonia and CRS. [Extracted from the article]

A 74-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) during treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel. Despite receiving tocilizumab, dexamethasone, anakinra, and methylprednisolone for ICANS, the patient did not show any improvement (lack of efficacy). His condition worsened, and he eventually died after three months of symptom onset. Autopsy was not performed. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventIn a single-center, retrospective, real-world, cohort study involving 34·patients treated with blinatumomab between between 30·October·2018 and 1·December·2021, et al. patient [age and sex not stated] was described, who developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) following treatment with blinatumomab for minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) [route and dosage not stated]. [Extracted from the article]

A 26-year-old man with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) during treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel. He experienced fever and tachycardia consistent with grade 1 CRS, followed by rapidly progressive ICANS characterized by handwriting impairment and encephalopathy. The patient received tocilizumab and dexamethasone, and his ICANS ultimately resolved. MRI scans showed initial abnormalities that later resolved. [Extracted from the article]